{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T11:54:21Z","timestamp":1789905261336,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,12]],"date-time":"2022-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea","award":["2018R1A6A1A03024231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1A6A1A03024231"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea","award":["2021R1A2C1003566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A2C1003566"]}]},{"name":"Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University)","award":["2018R1A6A1A03024231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1A6A1A03024231"]}]},{"name":"Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University)","award":["2021R1A2C1003566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A2C1003566"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dental caries is a common problem in adolescents, leading to permanent loss of teeth or cavitation. Caries is a continuous process wherein demineralization and remineralization occur regularly. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is one of the most biocompatible and bioactive materials, as it closely resembles the mineral composition of teeth. The present study deals with isolating hydroxyapatite from fish bone (Epinephelus chlorostigma) by alkaline hydrolysis and thermal calcination. The isolated nano HA was characterized using FT-IR, XRD, TGA, FE-SEM-EDX, and HR-TEM analysis. The nano HA isolated by alkaline hydrolysis is nontoxic, and the cells are viable. The isolated HA enhances the proliferation of L929 cells. The remineralization potential of the extracted nano HA was evaluated in healthy premolars by DIAGNOdent\/laser fluorescence quantification, surface microhardness test, and SEM-EDX analysis. Surface morphological observations in SEM and EDX analyses show that thermally calcined HA and alkali-treated HA can induce mineralization and deposit minerals. Therefore, HA obtained from Epinephelus chlorostigma could be a potential biomaterial for treating early caries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12223993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T04:21:45Z","timestamp":1668399705000},"page":"3993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Remineralizing Potential of Natural Nano-Hydroxyapatite Obtained from Epinephelus chlorostigma in Artificially Induced Early Enamel Lesion: An In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4325-7992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashwathi","family":"Mathirat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya University, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pandurang Appana","family":"Dalavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterials Research Laboratory, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashwini","family":"Prabhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterials Research Laboratory, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yashaswini Devi","family":"G.V.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterials Research Laboratory, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6440-8780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sukumaran","family":"Anil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Oral Health Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar"},{"name":"College of Dental Medicine, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalimuthu","family":"Senthilkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Laboratory, Swamy Vivekananda Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Namakkal 637205, Tamilnadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gi Hun","family":"Seong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bionano Engineering, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharan S.","family":"Sargod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya University, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sham S.","family":"Bhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya University, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayachandran","family":"Venkatesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterials Research Laboratory, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India"},{"name":"Department of Bionano Engineering, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-016-0153-x","article-title":"Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of a conventional orthodontic composite containing silver\/hydroxyapatite nanoparticles","volume":"17","author":"Sodagar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. 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