{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T22:45:57Z","timestamp":1769553957130,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE)","award":["# 2021003040002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 2021003040002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A series of novel MnxFey@SiO2 (x,y = 1\u201320%) nanocomposites were synthesized for the first time via the sol-gel\/combustion method with different content of precursors (Mn and Fe acetate salts). The effect of precursor content and ratio on physicochemical properties were observed by various characterization methods. Moreover, Rhodamine B (RhB) was chosen as the target pollutant to test the performance of these nanocomposites under a photocatalytic Fenton-like reaction. The results showed that the nanocomposite morphology improved by increasing Fe and Mn content. In this study, interesting behavior was observed in BET results which were different from the fact that increasing metal content can decrease the surface area. This study revealed that one metal could be more critical in controlling the properties than another. Moreover, the precursor ratio appears to have a more tangible effect on the surface area than the effect of precursor content. Among all synthesized nanocomposites, Mn1Fe5@SiO2 showed the highest surface area of 654.95 m2\/g. At optimum batch conditions (temp = 25 \u00b0C, catalyst dosage = 1 g L\u22121, H2O2 = 75 mmolL\u22121, and initial RhB concentration = 50 mg L\u22121), complete removal (simultaneous adsorption\/degradation) occurred using Mn1Fe5@SiO2 at neutral pH. This study showed that the designed nanomaterial could be used as a dual functional adsorbent\/photocatalyst in different environmental applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12234108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T03:13:41Z","timestamp":1669086821000},"page":"4108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Novel Metal-Containing Mesoporous Silica Composite for the Decolorization of Rhodamine B: Effect of Metal Content on Structure and Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7509-668X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasaman","family":"Ghaffari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT), University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT), Goyang 10223, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md","family":"Saifuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8668-5036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soyoung","family":"Beak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT), Goyang 10223, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiyeol","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT), University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT), Goyang 10223, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwang Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT), University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT), Goyang 10223, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30801","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA16959J","article-title":"Recent advances in new generation dye removal technologies: Novel search for approaches to reprocess wastewater","volume":"5","author":"Ahmad","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32249","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA04250F","article-title":"Reusable bacteria immobilized electrospun nanofibrous webs for decolorization of methylene blue dye in wastewater treatment","volume":"4","author":"San","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.11.159","article-title":"Heteropoly acid-loaded ionic liquid@metal-organic frameworks: Effective and reusable adsorbents for the desulfurization of a liquid model fuel","volume":"334","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26176","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA04236C","article-title":"The application of photoelectrocatalysis in the degradation of rhodamine B in aqueous solutions: A review","volume":"12","author":"Yusuf","year":"2022","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9729","DOI":"10.1021\/ie101361c","article-title":"Removal of Orange II Dye in Water by Visible Light Assisted Photocatalytic Ozonation Using Bi2O3 and Au\/Bi2O3 Nanorods","volume":"49","author":"Anandan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2020.110218","article-title":"Fabrication of sphere-like Bi2MoO6\/ZnO composite catalyst with strong photocatalytic behavior for the detoxification of harmful organic dyes","volume":"109","author":"Kasinathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.05.075","article-title":"Visible-light-assisted photocatalytic activity of bismuth-TiO2 nanotube composites for chromium reduction and dye degradation","volume":"207","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.06.139","article-title":"Integrated adsorption and visible-light photodegradation of aqueous clofibric acid and carbamazepine by a Fe-based metal-organic framework","volume":"330","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.poly.2019.06.005","article-title":"Solar-driven advanced oxidation process catalyzed by metal\u2013organic frameworks for water pollution","volume":"170","author":"Farrokhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polyhedron"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s12553-019-00380-x","article-title":"Nanocomposites: A brief review","volume":"10","author":"Hajlovac","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.03.047","article-title":"Waste eggshell membrane-templated CuO-ZnO nanocomposites with enhanced adsorption, catalysis and antibacterial properties for water purification","volume":"369","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10272","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA23545F","article-title":"Hierarchically porous NiO\u2013Al 2 O 3 nanocomposite with enhanced Congo red adsorption in water","volume":"6","author":"Lei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rsc Adv."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1080\/03067319.2020.1754810","article-title":"Synthesis of FeNi3\/SiO2\/CuS magnetic nano-composite as a novel adsorbent for Congo Red dye removal","volume":"102","author":"Nasseh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2018.11.045","article-title":"Hierarchical C\/NiO-ZnO nanocomposite fibers with enhanced adsorption capacity for Congo red","volume":"537","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7379","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.9b01909","article-title":"Chitosan-graphene oxide hydrogels with embedded magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for dye removal","volume":"2","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2016.06.024","article-title":"Congo red removal by PANi\/Bi2WO6 nanocomposites: Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies","volume":"4","author":"Laabd","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18800","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-7030-5","article-title":"Fe-Mn bi-metallic oxides loaded on granular activated carbon to enhance dye removal by catalytic ozonation","volume":"23","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2019.04.020","article-title":"Rectorite-supported nano-Fe3O4 composite materials as catalyst for P-chlorophenol degradation: Preparation, characterization, and mechanism","volume":"176","author":"Bao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2016.09.073","article-title":"Facilitation of the visible light-induced Fenton-like excitation of H2O2 via heterojunction of g-C3N4\/NH2-Iron terephthalate metal-organic framework for MB degradation","volume":"202","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.105619","article-title":"Photocatalytic performance of a nickel ferrite\/chitosan\/bismuth(III) oxyiodide nanocomposite for metronidazole degradation under simulated sunlight illumination","volume":"9","author":"Arghavan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcata.2020.117775","article-title":"The effect of textural properties of CeO2-SiO2 mixed oxides on NH3-SCO activity of Pt\/CeO2-SiO2 catalyst","volume":"604","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. A Gen."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58090","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA10145F","article-title":"Nanomaterials via solution combustion synthesis: A step nearer to controllability","volume":"4","author":"Wen","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2021.120259","article-title":"One-step fabrication of novel ultra porous Mn2O3-Fe2O3 @ SiO2: A versatile material for removal of organic pollutants from industrial wastewater at neutral pH","volume":"285","author":"Ghaffari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghaffari, Y., Beak, S., Bae, J., Saifuddin, M., and Kim, K.S. (2022). Effect of UV Irradiation on the Structural Variation of Metal Oxide-Silica Nanocomposites for Enhanced Removal of Erythromycin at Neutral pH. Catalysts, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal12040424"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2018.09.003","article-title":"Effect of silica particle size on the formation of calcium silicate hydrate [CSH] using thermal analysis","volume":"672","author":"Maddalena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.104827","article-title":"Development of CTAB modified ternary phase \u03b1-Fe2O3-Mn2O3-Mn3O4 nanocomposite as innovative super-adsorbent for Congo red dye adsorption","volume":"9","author":"Prajapati","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2021.130750","article-title":"Enhanced photocatalytic performance of Hausmannite Mn3O4-rGO nanocomposite in degrading methylene blue","volume":"305","author":"Jarvin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Soubaihi, R.M., Saoud, K.M., Myint, M.T.Z., G\u00f6thelid, M.A., and Dutta, J. (2021). CO Oxidation Efficiency and Hysteresis Behavior over Mesoporous Pd\/SiO2 Catalyst. Catalysts, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal11010131"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"100365","article-title":"Porous nonhierarchical CeO2\/SiO2 monolith for effective degradation of organic pollutants","volume":"14","author":"Christy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Nanotechnol. Monit. Manag."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-7757(99)00218-6","article-title":"Surface modification of alumina by metal doping","volume":"162","author":"Khattak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2020.02.033","article-title":"Degradation of tartrazine by peroxymonosulfate through magnetic Fe2O3\/Mn2O3 composites activation","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcat.2017.12.012","article-title":"Cubic Mn2O3 nanoparticles on carbon as bifunctional electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions","volume":"451","author":"Hazarika","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Catal."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.124274","article-title":"Catalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin by magnetic CuS\/Fe2O3\/Mn2O3 nanocomposite activated peroxymonosulfate: Influence factors, degradation pathways and reaction mechanism","volume":"388","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2016.03.226","article-title":"Facile synthesis of Fe3O4-graphene@mesoporous SiO2 nanocomposites for efficient removal of Methylene Blue","volume":"378","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-012-1138-4","article-title":"Structural, optical, and magnetic properties of single-crystalline Mn3O4 nanowires","volume":"14","author":"Sambasivam","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nanoparticle Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1039\/b211117a","article-title":"LaAl1\u2212xMnxO3 perovskite-type oxide solid solutions: Structural, magnetic and electronic properties","volume":"5","author":"Cordischi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2016.02.050","article-title":"Synthesis, exploration of energy storage and electrochemical sensing properties of hematite nanoparticles","volume":"671","author":"Ramasami","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.133841","article-title":"Facile synthesis of g-C3N4\/Ag2C2O4 heterojunction composite membrane with efficient visible light photocatalytic activity for water disinfection","volume":"295","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.07.021","article-title":"Comparison of dye degradation efficiency using ZnO powders with various size scales","volume":"141","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2004.05.021","article-title":"Photocatalytic decolorization of Remazol Red RR in aqueous ZnO suspensions","volume":"54","author":"Akyol","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2008.03.016","article-title":"Degradation studies of Rhodamine B in the presence of UV\/H2O2","volume":"239","author":"AlHamedi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2006.04.082","article-title":"Effect of system parameters and of inorganic salts on the decolorization and degradation of Procion H-exl dyes. Comparison of H2O2\/UV, Fenton, UV\/Fenton, TiO2\/UV and TiO2\/UV\/H2O2 processes","volume":"211","author":"Riga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57138","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA09078H","article-title":"Degradation of sulfadiazine in water by a UV\/O3 process: Performance and degradation pathway","volume":"6","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjche.2020.05.033","article-title":"Degradation of methotrexate by UV\/peroxymonosulfate: Kinetics, effect of operational parameters and mechanism","volume":"28","author":"Kanjal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2009.11.044","article-title":"Drugs degrading photocatalytically: Kinetics and mechanisms of ofloxacin and atenolol removal on titania suspensions","volume":"44","author":"Hapeshi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.02.072","article-title":"Adsorptive removal of selected pharmaceuticals by mesoporous silica SBA-15","volume":"168","author":"Bui","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s11164-009-0098-5","article-title":"Preparation of Mn2O3 catalyst with core-shell structure via spray pyrolysis assisted with glucose","volume":"35","author":"Huo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res. Chem. Intermed."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2016.08.007","article-title":"Effect of generation growth on photocatalytic activity of nano TiO2-magnetic cored dendrimers","volume":"44","author":"Jung","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/12\/23\/4108\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:23:17Z","timestamp":1760145797000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/12\/23\/4108"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nano12234108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano12234108","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]}}}