{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T21:31:53Z","timestamp":1783287113098,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Romanian Ministry of Education and Research","award":["PN-III-P4-ID-PCE-2020-2375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P4-ID-PCE-2020-2375"]}]},{"name":"Structural and Functional Proteomics Research Program of the Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy","award":["PN-III-P4-ID-PCE-2020-2375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P4-ID-PCE-2020-2375"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nowadays, using polymers with specific characteristics to coat the surface of a device to prevent undesired biological responses can represent an optimal strategy for developing new and more efficient implants for biomedical applications. Among them, zwitterionic phosphorylcholine-based polymers are of interest due to their properties to resist cell and bacterial adhesion. In this work, the Matrix-Assisted Laser Evaporation (MAPLE) technique was investigated as a new approach for functionalising Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces with zwitterionic poly(2-Methacryloyloxyethyl-Phosphorylcholine) (pMPC) polymer. Evaluation of the physical\u2013chemical properties of the new coatings revealed that the technique proposed has the advantage of achieving uniform and homogeneous stable moderate hydrophilic pMPC thin layers onto hydrophobic PDMS without any pre-treatment, therefore avoiding the major disadvantage of hydrophobicity recovery. The capacity of modified PDMS surfaces to reduce bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation was tested for Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli). Cell adhesion, proliferation and morphology of human THP-1 differentiated macrophages and human normal CCD-1070Sk fibroblasts on the different surfaces were also assessed. Biological in vitro investigation revealed a significantly reduced adherence on PDMS\u2013pMPC of both E. coli (from 29 \u00d7 10 6 to 3 \u00d7 102 CFU\/mL) and S. aureus (from 29 \u00d7 106 to 3 \u00d7 102 CFU\/mL) bacterial strains. Additionally, coated surfaces induced a significant inhibition of biofilm formation, an effect observed mainly for E. coli. Moreover, the pMPC coatings improved the capacity of PDMS to reduce the adhesion and proliferation of human macrophages by 50% and of human fibroblast by 40% compared to unmodified scaffold, circumventing undesired cell responses such as inflammation and fibrosis. All these highlighted the potential for the new PDMS\u2013pMPC interfaces obtained by MAPLE to be used in the biomedical field to design new PDMS-based implants exhibiting long-term hydrophilic profile stability and better mitigating foreign body response and microbial infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13010064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T03:55:21Z","timestamp":1671767721000},"page":"64","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Mitigation of Cellular and Bacterial Adhesion on Laser Modified Poly (2-Methacryloyloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine)\/Polydimethylsiloxane Surface"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Simona","family":"Nistorescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0282-1825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madalina","family":"Icriverzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biochemistry of Romanian Academy, 060031 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3322-5682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Florian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biochemistry of Romanian Academy, 060031 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8508-0916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anca","family":"Bonciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5170-1398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Marascu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6180-7073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicoleta","family":"Dumitrescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gratiela Gradisteanu","family":"Pircalabioru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5689-8038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurentiu","family":"Rusen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0469-9974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Mocanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anca","family":"Roseanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biochemistry of Romanian Academy, 060031 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5833-3110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anisoara","family":"Cimpean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florin","family":"Grama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Department, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 030171 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3641-5342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Dinca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1798-853X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Cristian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Department, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 030171 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1179\/0020296713Z.000000000157","article-title":"Polymer Coatings for Biomedical Applications: A Review","volume":"92","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans. IMF"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2018.01.018","article-title":"Surface Modifications for Antimicrobial Effects in the Healthcare Setting: A Critical Overview","volume":"99","author":"Adlhart","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Makhlouf, A.S.H., and Abu-Thabit, N.Y. (2020). Chapter 13\u2014Recent Trends in Smart Polymeric Coatings in Biomedicine and Drug Delivery Applications. Advances in Smart Coatings and Thin Films for Future Industrial and Biomedical Engineering Applications, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41978","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c09254","article-title":"Lubricin-Inspired Loop Zwitterionic Peptide for Fabrication of Superior Antifouling Surfaces","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2006.09.024","article-title":"Surface Modification on Microfluidic Devices with 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine Polymers for Reducing Unfavorable Protein Adsorption","volume":"54","author":"Sibarani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.05.046","article-title":"Biomimetic Phosphorylcholine Polymer Grafting from Polydimethylsiloxane Surface Using Photo-Induced Polymerization","volume":"27","author":"Goda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2021.111900","article-title":"Long-Lasting Hydrophilic Surface Generated on Poly(Dimethyl Siloxane) with Photoreactive Zwitterionic Polymers","volume":"205","author":"Nakano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TB02675E","article-title":"Recent Progress and Perspectives in Applications of 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine Polymers in Biodevices at Small Scales","volume":"10","author":"Seetasang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203720666190820152508","article-title":"The Development of an Antimicrobial Contact Lens\u2014From the Laboratory to the Clinic","volume":"21","author":"Willcox","year":"2020","journal-title":"CPPS"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsle.2005.05.019","article-title":"Coating of a Surface with 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine (MPC) Co-Polymer Significantly Reduces Retention of Human Pathogenic Microorganisms","volume":"248","author":"Hirota","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/pj.2014.46","article-title":"Hemocompatibility of Zwitterionic Interfaces and Membranes","volume":"46","author":"Sin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36635","article-title":"Revolutionary Advances in 2-methacryloyloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine Polymers as Biomaterials","volume":"107","author":"Ishihara","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.03.038","article-title":"Zwitterionic Materials for Antifouling Membrane Surface Construction","volume":"40","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064101","DOI":"10.1088\/1468-6996\/13\/6\/064101","article-title":"Cell Membrane-Inspired Phospholipid Polymers for Developing Medical Devices with Excellent Biointerfaces","volume":"13","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00268-X","article-title":"The Vascular Prosthesis without Pseudointima Prepared by Anti Thrombogenic Phospholipid Polymer","volume":"23","author":"Yoneyama","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2968","DOI":"10.1039\/c0sm01292k","article-title":"Quick and Simple Modification of a Poly(Dimethylsiloxane) Surface by Optimized Molecular Design of the Anti-Biofouling Phospholipid Copolymer","volume":"7","author":"Seo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2017.02.039","article-title":"Plasma Initiated Graft Polymerization of 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine on Silicone Elastomer Surfaces to Enhance Bio(Hemo)Compatibility","volume":"315","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4556","DOI":"10.1039\/C8PY00948A","article-title":"Poly(2-Methacryloyloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine)-Based Biodegradable Nanogels for Controlled Drug Release","volume":"9","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.8b02292","article-title":"Cell-Membrane-Inspired Silicone Interfaces That Mitigate Proinflammatory Macrophage Activation and Bacterial Adhesion","volume":"35","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1557\/PROC-526-421","article-title":"Use of Matrix Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE) for the Growth of Organic Thin Films","volume":"526","author":"Chrisey","year":"1998","journal-title":"MRS Online Proc. Libr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-011-6600-0","article-title":"Applications of the Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation Method for the Deposition of Organic, Biological and Nanoparticle Thin Films: A Review","volume":"105","author":"Caricato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2018.12.003","article-title":"Biocompatible Pure ZnO Nanoparticles-3D Bacterial Cellulose Biointerfaces with Antibacterial Properties","volume":"13","author":"Mocanu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Icriverzi, M., Bonciu, A., Rusen, L., Sima, L.E., Brajnicov, S., Cimpean, A., Evans, R.W., Dinca, V., and Roseanu, A. (2019). Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Response to Lactoferrin-Based Composite Coatings. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12203414"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dumitrescu, N.-L., Icriverzi, M., Bonciu, A., Florian, P., Moldovan, A., Roseanu, A., Rusen, L., Dinca, V., and Grama, F. (2022). New Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide-Butylacrylate) Copolymer Biointerfaces and Their Characteristic Influence on Cell Behavior In Vitro. IJMS, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073988"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsuzuki, T., Baassiri, K., Mahmoudi, Z., Perumal, A.S., Rajendran, K., Rubies, G.M., and Nicolau, D.V. (2022). Hydrophobic Recovery of PDMS Surfaces in Contact with Hydrophilic Entities: Relevance to Biomedical Devices. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15062313"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1295\/polymj.22.355","article-title":"Preparation of Phospholipid Polyers and Their Properties as Polymer Hydrogel Membranes","volume":"22","author":"Ishihara","year":"1990","journal-title":"Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1080\/0021846708544582","article-title":"Dispersion-Polar Surface Tension Properties of Organic Solids","volume":"2","author":"Kaelble","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1969.070130815","article-title":"Estimation of the Surface Free Energy of Polymers","volume":"13","author":"Owens","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"997","article-title":"Einige aspekte der benetzungstheorie und ihre anwendung auf die untersuchung und ver\u00e4nderung der oberfl\u00e4cheneigenschaften von polymeren","volume":"77","author":"Rabel","year":"1971","journal-title":"Farbe Lack"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Icriverzi, M., Rusen, L., Brajnicov, S., Bonciu, A., Dinescu, M., Cimpean, A., Evans, R.W., Dinca, V., and Roseanu, A. (2019). Macrophage in Vitro Response on Hybrid Coatings Obtained by Matrix Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation. Coatings, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings9040236"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s11249-012-0076-8","article-title":"Lubricity of Surface Hydrogel Layers","volume":"49","author":"Dunn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tribol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2018.05.141","article-title":"Influence of Polar and Dispersive Part of Surface Tension on the Self-Assembly of Droplets on PDMS Surfaces","volume":"5","author":"Nilavarasi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.1063\/1.125076","article-title":"The controlled formation of ordered, sinusoidal structures by plasma oxidation of an elastomeric polymer","volume":"75","author":"Bowden","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200964","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202200964","article-title":"Tunable Structural Color with Gradient and Multiaxial Polydimethylsiloxane Wrinkling","volume":"10","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2018.12.035","article-title":"Biodegradable Phosphorylcholine-Based Zwitterionic Polymer Nanogels with Smart Charge-Conversion Ability for Efficient Inhibition of Tumor Cells","volume":"539","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2014.920172","article-title":"Durable Modification of Segmented Polyurethane for Elastic Blood-Contacting Devices by Graft-Type 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine Copolymer","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43625-5","article-title":"Simple Surface Modification of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) via Surface Segregating Smart Polymers for Biomicrofluidics","volume":"9","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s12030-008-9006-0","article-title":"Phosphorylcholine Group-immobilized Surface Prepared on Polydimethylsiloxane Membrane by In Situ Reaction for Its Reduced Biofouling","volume":"3","author":"Ishihara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y.-T., Wu, C.-H., Syu, W.-L., Ho, P.-C., Tseng, Z.-L., Yang, M.-C., Lin, C.-C., Chen, C.-C., Chen, C.-C., and Liu, T.-Y. (2022). Replica of Bionic Nepenthes Peristome-like and Anti-Fouling Structures for Self-Driving Water and Raman-Enhancing Detection. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14122465"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115006","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/20\/11\/115006","article-title":"Argon plasma-assisted PDMS\u2013LTCC bonding technique for microsystem applications","volume":"20","author":"Malecha","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1021\/la035552k","article-title":"Nanoscale Hydrophobic Recovery: A Chemical Force Microscopy Study of UV\/Ozone-Treated Cross-Linked Poly(dimethylsiloxane)","volume":"20","author":"Hillborg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2010.08.022","article-title":"Surface Hydration: Principles and Applications toward Low-Fouling\/Nonfouling Biomaterials","volume":"51","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"PMC6133255","article-title":"Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment Methods for Biofilm Growth: A Mini-Review","volume":"6","author":"Wilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Rev. J. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5639651","article-title":"2-Methacryloyloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine Polymer Coating Inhibits Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation on a Suture: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study","volume":"2020","author":"Kaneko","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1039\/c3bm00197k","article-title":"The surface charge of anti-bacterial coatings alters motility and biofilm architecture","volume":"1","author":"Rzhepishevska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2016.01.002","article-title":"Candida albicans biofilms: Development, regulation, and molecular mechanisms","volume":"18","author":"Gulati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-091014-104330","article-title":"Candida albicans Biofilms and Human Disease","volume":"69","author":"Nobile","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.03.013","article-title":"Effect of Wettability and Surface Functional Groups on Protein Adsorption and Cell Adhesion Using Well-Defined Mixed Self-Assembled Monolayers","volume":"28","author":"Arima","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201100934","article-title":"Physical Aspects of Cell Culture Substrates: Topography, Roughness, and Elasticity","volume":"8","author":"Ross","year":"2012","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4376","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00654","article-title":"The Horizon of Materiobiology: A Perspective on Material-Guided Cell Behaviors and Tissue Engineering","volume":"117","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2020.08.003","article-title":"Various Properties of Silicone Breast Implant Surfaces and Multimodal Techniques for the Functional Surface Modification","volume":"48","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-014-1796-8","article-title":"Physical and Mechanical Regulation of Macrophage Phenotype and Function","volume":"72","author":"McWhorter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.06.005","article-title":"Protein Adsorption and Cell Adhesion on Cationic, Neutral, and Anionic 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine Copolymer Surfaces","volume":"30","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2009-138","article-title":"MPC Polymer Regulates Fibrous Tissue Formation by Modulating Cell Adhesion to the Biomaterial Surface","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.31103","article-title":"Epidermidis Biofilm Formation: Effects of Biomaterial Surface Chemistry and Serum Proteins","volume":"80","author":"Patel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200901407","article-title":"Ultralow-Fouling, Functionalizable, and Hydrolyzable Zwitterionic Materials and Their Derivatives for Biological Applications","volume":"22","author":"Jiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.6b03295","article-title":"Reduced Blood Cell Adhesion on Polypropylene Substrates through a Simple Surface Zwitterionization","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2006.02.010","article-title":"Suppression of Fibroblast and Bacterial Adhesion by MPC Coating on Acrylic Intraocular Lenses","volume":"32","author":"Shigeta","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2020.102141","article-title":"Superhydrophilicity and Strong Salt-Affinity: Zwitterionic Polymer Grafted Surfaces with Significant Potentials Particularly in Biological Systems","volume":"278","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7058","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c06327","article-title":"Antifouling Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lenses with a Bioinspired 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine Polymer Surface","volume":"6","author":"Ishihara","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9006","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c22658","article-title":"Antifouling and Antibacterial Polymer-Coated Surfaces Based on the Combined Effect of Zwitterions and the Natural Borneol","volume":"13","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/13\/1\/64\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:49:02Z","timestamp":1760147342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/13\/1\/64"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nano13010064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano13010064","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]}}}