{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T21:09:25Z","timestamp":1769548165922,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Antibody Engineering and Proteomics, Immunity and Infection Research Centre, Vancouver, Canada"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bone is a natural nanocomposite composed of proteins and minerals that can regenerate itself. However, there are conditions in which this process is impaired, such as extensive bone defects and infections of the bone or surrounding tissue. This study evaluates the osteoregenerative capacity of bone grafting materials in animals with induced bone defects. Colloidal chitosan dispersion nanocomposites, nanohydroxyapatite\u2013chitosan (NHAP-Q) and nanosilver\u2013chitosan (AgNP-Q), were synthesized and characterized. Non-critical-size defects in Wistar rats were used to evaluate the material\u2019s biocompatibility, and critical-size defects in the calvarias of guinea pigs were used to evaluate the regenerative capacity of the bones. Moreover, the toxicity of the nanocomposites was evaluated in the heart, liver, spleen, kidneys, and skin. Histological, radiographic, and electron microscopy tests were also performed. The results showed that neither material produced pathological changes. Radiographic examination showed a significant reduction in defects (75.1% for NHAP-Q and 79.3% for AgNP-Q), angiogenesis, and trabecular formation. A toxicological assessment of all the organs did not show changes in the ultrastructure of tissues, and the distribution of silver was different for different organs (spleen &gt; skin &gt; heart &gt; kidney &gt; liver). The results suggest that both materials are highly biocompatible, and AgNP-Q achieved similar bone regeneration to that reported with autologous bone. The main research outcome of the present study was the combination of two types of NPs to enhance antimicrobial and osteoregeneration activities. These colloidal chitosan dispersions show promise as future biomaterials in the medical field for applications in fast-healing fractures, including broken bones in the oral cavity and hip replacement infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13020321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T03:11:02Z","timestamp":1673493062000},"page":"321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Osteoregeneration of Critical-Size Defects Using Hydroxyapatite\u2013Chitosan and Silver\u2013Chitosan Nanocomposites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0288-9117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Casillas-Santana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Nanobiomateriales, Facultad de Estomatolog\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de San Luis Potos\u00ed, San Luis Potos\u00ed 78290, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yael N.","family":"Slavin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6G 3Z6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6G 3Z6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nereyda","family":"Ni\u00f1o-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potos\u00ed 78295, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7740-9299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Horacio","family":"Bach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6G 3Z6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4982-5225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel A.","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Casta\u00f1\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Nanobiomateriales, Facultad de Estomatolog\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de San Luis Potos\u00ed, San Luis Potos\u00ed 78290, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3302785","article-title":"Effect of BMP-2 Gene Transfer on Bone Healing in Sheep","volume":"13","author":"Egermann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-5182(05)80471-8","article-title":"Comparison of Regenerative Capacity Elicited by Demineralized Bone Matrix of Different Embryonic Origins","volume":"20","author":"Isaksson","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. 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