{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:48:15Z","timestamp":1760147295019,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund (FWF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["J3479-N20","P29641-N36","P34704","DNRF93"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J3479-N20","P29641-N36","P34704","DNRF93"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Centre of Materials Crystallography (CMC)","award":["J3479-N20","P29641-N36","P34704","DNRF93"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J3479-N20","P29641-N36","P34704","DNRF93"]}]},{"name":"Danish National Research Foundation","award":["J3479-N20","P29641-N36","P34704","DNRF93"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J3479-N20","P29641-N36","P34704","DNRF93"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While parallel segments in the Fermi level contours, often found at the surfaces of topological insulators (TIs), would imply \u201cstrong\u201d nesting conditions, the existence of charge-density waves (CDWs)\u2014periodic modulations of the electron density\u2014has not been verified up to now. Here, we report the observation of a CDW at the surface of the TI Bi2Te2Se(111), below \u2248350K, by helium-atom scattering and, thus, experimental evidence for a CDW involving Dirac topological electrons. Deviations of the order parameter observed below 180K, and a low-temperature break of time reversal symmetry, suggest the onset of a spin-density wave with the same period as the CDW in the presence of a prominent electron-phonon interaction, originating from Rashba spin-orbit coupling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13030476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T03:53:18Z","timestamp":1674618798000},"page":"476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Observation of Dirac Charge-Density Waves in Bi2Te2Se"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4368-8207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Ruckhofer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3442-363X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Benedek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Donostia International Physics Center, University of the Basque Country, Paseo M. de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia\/San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3634-7412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Bremholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8849-5658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang E.","family":"Ernst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9590-6224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton","family":"Tamt\u00f6gl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125027","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/10\/12\/125027","article-title":"Fermi surface nesting in several transition metal dichalcogenides","volume":"10","author":"Inosov","year":"2008","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136601","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.119.136601","article-title":"Charge Density Waves in Graphite: Towards the Magnetic Ultraquantum Limit","volume":"119","author":"Arnold","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10210","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b03419","article-title":"Environmental Control of Charge Density Wave Order in Monolayer 2H-TaS2","volume":"13","author":"Hall","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241408","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.102.241408","article-title":"Charge density waves and Fermi level pinning in monolayer and bilayer SnSe2","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-020-01104-z","article-title":"A charge-density-wave topological semimetal","volume":"17","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1180-9","article-title":"Three-dimensional quantum Hall effect and metal-insulator transition in ZrTe5","volume":"569","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165135","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.77.165135","article-title":"Fermi surface nesting and the origin of charge density waves in metals","volume":"77","author":"Johannes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213001","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/23\/21\/213001","article-title":"On the origin of charge-density waves in select layered transition-metal dichalcogenides","volume":"23","author":"Rossnagel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-2048\/14\/4\/201","article-title":"Charge- and spin-density-wave superconductors","volume":"14","author":"Gabovich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Supercond. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12306","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.45.12306","article-title":"Effect of impurities on the magnetic ordering in chromium","volume":"45","author":"Fishman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085136","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.103.085136","article-title":"Spin density wave order in interacting type-I and type-II Weyl semimetals","volume":"103","author":"Kundu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23268","article-title":"Topological quantum chemistry","volume":"547","author":"Bradlyn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"021004","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.88.021004","article-title":"Colloquium: Topological band theory","volume":"88","author":"Bansil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014001","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-8949\/2015\/T164\/014001","article-title":"Topological insulators, topological superconductors and Weyl fermion semimetals: Discoveries, perspectives and outlooks","volume":"T164","author":"Hasan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Scr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102001","DOI":"10.7566\/JPSJ.82.102001","article-title":"Topological Insulator Materials","volume":"82","author":"Ando","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.83.1057","article-title":"Topological insulators and superconductors","volume":"83","author":"Qi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3045","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.82.3045","article-title":"Colloquium: Topological insulators","volume":"82","author":"Hasan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08916","article-title":"The birth of topological insulators","volume":"464","author":"Moore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1173034","article-title":"Experimental Realization of a Three-Dimensional Topological Insulator, Bi2Te3","volume":"325","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14627","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR03102A","article-title":"Nanoscale Surface Dynamics of Bi2Te3(111): Observation of a Prominent Surface Acoustic Wave and the Role of van der Waals Interactions","volume":"10","author":"Campi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Li, Y., Parsons, C., Ramakrishna, S.K., Dwivedi, A.P., Schofield, M.A., Reyes, A.P., and Guptasarma, P. (2020). Discovery of Charge Density Wave Order in the Topological Insulator Bi2Se3. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041114","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.94.041114","article-title":"Multiple Fermi surfaces in superconducting Nb-doped Bi2Se3","volume":"94","author":"Lawson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085107","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.103.085107","article-title":"Structural and electronic inhomogeneity of superconducting Nb-doped Bi2Se3","volume":"103","author":"Kevy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166802","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.109.166802","article-title":"Topological Surface States with Persistent High Spin Polarization across the Dirac Point in Bi2Te2Se and Bi2Se2Te","volume":"109","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"081301","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.88.081301","article-title":"Unoccupied topological surface state in Bi2Te2Se","volume":"88","author":"Nurmamat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41535-019-0168-x","article-title":"Statics and dynamics of multivalley charge density waves in Sb(111)","volume":"4","author":"Kraus","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Quantum Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1424791112","article-title":"Classification of charge density waves based on their nature","volume":"112","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265002","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-648X\/ac664a","article-title":"Kohn anomalies in topological insulator thin films: First-principles study","volume":"34","author":"Ghim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241306","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.82.241306","article-title":"Large bulk resistivity and surface quantum oscillations in the topological insulator Bi2Te2Se","volume":"82","author":"Ren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5137","DOI":"10.1021\/nl3019802","article-title":"Growth of High-Mobility Bi2Te2Se Nanoplatelets on hBN Sheets by van der Waals Epitaxy","volume":"12","author":"Gehring","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3755","DOI":"10.1021\/nl501489m","article-title":"Surface-Dominated Transport on a Bulk Topological Insulator","volume":"14","author":"Barreto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165140","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.90.165140","article-title":"Evidence of surface transport and weak antilocalization in a single crystal of the Bi2Te2Se topological insulator","volume":"90","author":"Shekhar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Cao, H., Liu, C., Tian, J., Xu, Y., Miotkowski, I., Hasan, M.Z., and Chen, Y.P. (2014). Controlling and Distinguishing Electronic Transport of Topological and Trivial Surface States in a Topological Insulator. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1639","article-title":"Tunable Dirac cone in the topological insulator Bi2-xSbxTe3-ySey","volume":"3","author":"Arakane","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235406","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.85.235406","article-title":"Topological surface states and Dirac point tuning in ternary topological insulators","volume":"85","author":"Neupane","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193708","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4902010","article-title":"Electronic structure and morphology of epitaxial Bi2Te2Se topological insulator films","volume":"116","author":"Schreyeck","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205134","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.91.205134","article-title":"Dirac states with knobs on: Interplay of external parameters and the surface electronic properties of three-dimensional topological insulators","volume":"91","author":"Frantzeskakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035445","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.91.035445","article-title":"Strongly anisotropic spin-orbit splitting in a two-dimensional electron gas","volume":"91","author":"Michiardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.5b03923","article-title":"Surface Oxidation of Bi2(Te,Se)3 Topological Insulators Depends on Cleavage Accuracy","volume":"28","author":"Thomas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"041041","article-title":"Trigger of the Ubiquitous Surface Band Bending in 3D Topological Insulators","volume":"7","author":"Frantzeskakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. X"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104202","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevMaterials.2.104202","article-title":"Unraveling the Dirac fermion dynamics of the bulk-insulating topological system Bi2Te2Se","volume":"2","author":"Papalazarou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201203542","article-title":"Phase Separation and Bulk p-n Transition in Single Crystals of Bi2Te2Se Topological Insulator","volume":"25","author":"Mi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/61\/12\/001","article-title":"Atomic beam diffraction from solid surfaces","volume":"61","author":"Rieder","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rep. Prog. Phys."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bracco, G., and Holst, B. (2013). Surface Science Techniques, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-34243-1"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7637","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CP05388K","article-title":"Atom-surface van der Waals potentials of topological insulators and semimetals from scattering measurements","volume":"23","author":"Ruckhofer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7653","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CP05833E","article-title":"Material properties particularly suited to be measured with helium scattering","volume":"23","author":"Holst","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023186","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.2.023186","article-title":"Terahertz surface modes and electron-phonon coupling on Bi2Se3(111)","volume":"2","author":"Ruckhofer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195135","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.96.195135","article-title":"Charge puddles in the bulk and on the surface of the topological insulator BiSbTeSe2 studied by scanning tunneling microscopy and optical spectroscopy","volume":"96","author":"Knispel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5b02901","article-title":"Plasma-Wave Terahertz Detection Mediated by Topological Insulators Surface States","volume":"16","author":"Viti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241303","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.83.241303","article-title":"Stability of the Bi2Se3(111) topological state: Electron-phonon and electron-defect scattering","volume":"83","author":"Hatch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157401","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.113.157401","article-title":"Distinguishing Bulk and Surface Electron-Phonon Coupling in the Topological Insulator Bi2Se3 Using Time-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy","volume":"113","author":"Sobota","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01128-1","article-title":"Electron-phonon coupling in topological surface states: The role of polar optical modes","volume":"7","author":"Heid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195401","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.95.195401","article-title":"Electron-phonon coupling and surface Debye temperature of Bi2Te3(111) from helium atom scattering","volume":"95","author":"Kraus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.7b03897","article-title":"Control over Electron-Phonon Interaction by Dirac Plasmon Engineering in the Bi2Se3 Topological Insulato","volume":"18","author":"In","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.9b03829","article-title":"Origin of the Electron-Phonon Interaction of Topological Semimetal Surfaces Measured with Helium Atom Scattering","volume":"11","author":"Benedek","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41699-021-00204-5","article-title":"Electron-phonon coupling in superconducting 1T-PdTe2","volume":"5","author":"Anemone","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ 2D Mater. Appl."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02411","article-title":"Tunable Dirac fermion dynamics in topological insulators","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304019","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/22\/30\/304019","article-title":"Elastic and inelastic scattering of He atoms from Bi(111)","volume":"22","author":"Balak","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"066108","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4954728","article-title":"Note: A simple sample transfer alignment for ultra-high vacuum systems","volume":"87","author":"Carter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196802","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.93.196802","article-title":"Role of Spin in Quasiparticle Interference","volume":"93","author":"Pascual","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085440","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.72.085440","article-title":"Evidence against a charge density wave on Bi(111)","volume":"72","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Gr\u00fcner, G. (1994). Density Waves in Solids, Perseus Publishing. Frontiers in Physics."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.60.1129","article-title":"The dynamics of charge-density waves","volume":"60","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.susc.2013.08.001","article-title":"Surface Debye temperature and vibrational dynamics of antimony(111) from helium atom scattering measurements","volume":"617","author":"Kraus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035438","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.99.035438","article-title":"Strong-coupling charge density wave in a one-dimensional topological metal","volume":"99","author":"Hofmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Liu, R., Ma, T., Wang, S., and Yang, J. (2019). Dynamic Theory of Fluctuations and Ciritcal Exponents of Thermodynamic Phase Transitions. HAL, HAL: 01674269."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075206","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.98.075206","article-title":"Temperature-induced modification of the Dirac cone in the tetradymite topological insulator Bi2Te2Se","volume":"98","author":"Nayak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187001","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.108.187001","article-title":"Measurement of an Exceptionally Weak Electron-Phonon Coupling on the Surface of the Topological Insulator Bi2Se3 Using Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy","volume":"108","author":"Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155104","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.81.155104","article-title":"Temperature-dependent photoemission on 1T-TiSe2: Interpretation within the exciton condensate phase model","volume":"81","author":"Monney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075111","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.105.075111","article-title":"Revealing a charge-density-wave gap in the predicted weak topological insulator HoSbTe","volume":"105","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205156","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.93.205156","article-title":"Tunable two-dimensional electron gas at the surface of thermoelectric material In4Se3","volume":"93","author":"Fukutani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155451","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.83.155451","article-title":"Strongly enhanced electron-phonon coupling in the Rashba-split state of the Bi\/Ag(111) surface alloy","volume":"83","author":"Guan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355704","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-648X\/ab85f3","article-title":"Chirality relaxation in low-temperature strongly Rashba-coupled systems","volume":"32","author":"Verpoort","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1080\/14786435.2017.1328137","article-title":"The effect of electron- phonon coupling in spin\u2013orbit-coupled graphene","volume":"97","author":"Kandemir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philos. Mag."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3031","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00608","article-title":"Understanding Doping of Quantum Materials","volume":"121","author":"Zunger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowak, K., Jurczyszyn, M., Chrobak, M., Ma\u0107kosz, K., Naumov, A., Olszowska, N., Rosmus, M., Miotkowski, I., Koz\u0142owski, A., and Sikora, M. (2022). Influence of Doping on the Topological Surface States of Crystalline Bi2Se3 Topological Insulators. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15062083"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45667","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45667","article-title":"Transition between strong and weak topological insulator in ZrTe5 and HfTe5","volume":"7","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-021-01404-y","article-title":"Charge order and superconductivity in kagome materials","volume":"18","author":"Neupert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benedek, G., Manson, J.R., Miret-Art\u00e9s, S., Ruckhofer, A., Ernst, W.E., Tamt\u00f6gl, A., and Toennies, J.P. (2020). Measuring the Electron-Phonon Interaction in Two-Dimensional Superconductors with He-Atom Scattering. Condens. Matter, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/condmat5040079"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys4157","article-title":"Dispersive charge density wave excitations in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+\u03b4","volume":"13","author":"Chaix","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14064-7","article-title":"Nanoscopic diffusion of water on a topological insulator","volume":"11","author":"Sacchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"2134051","article-title":"Water adsorption and dynamics on graphene and other 2D materials: Computational and experimental advances","volume":"8","author":"Sacchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Phys. X"}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/13\/3\/476\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:14:51Z","timestamp":1760120091000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/13\/3\/476"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nano13030476"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano13030476","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-4991"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]]}}}