{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T08:09:37Z","timestamp":1784621377433,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PID2020-115663GB-C32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-115663GB-C32"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Synthesizing efficient heterogeneous catalysts with multiple active sites able to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the degradation of persistent organic pollutants continues to be a challenge for societies worldwide. In response, cost-effective, eco-friendly oxidized Ni-rich and Co-rich CoNi micro-nanostructured films were fabricated following a two-step process based on simple electrodeposition using green deep eutectic solvent as an electrochemical media and thermal annealing. The CoNi-based catalysts demonstrated exceptional efficiency in the heterogeneous catalyzed activation of PMS for tetracycline degradation and mineralization. The effects of the catalysts\u2019 chemical nature and morphology, the pH, the concentration of PMS, irradiation with visible light, and the duration of contact with the catalysts on the degradation and mineralization of tetracycline were also studied. In dark conditions, oxidized Co-rich CoNi degraded more than 99% of tetracyclines in only 30 min and mineralized more than 99% of them in only 60 min. Moreover, the degradation kinetics doubled from 0.173 min\u22121 in dark conditions to 0.388 min\u22121 under visible light irradiation. In addition, the material demonstrated excellent reusability and can be easily recovered with simple heat treatment. Given those findings, our work provides new strategies for constructing high-efficiency and cost-effective PMS catalysts and elucidating the effects of operational parameters and primary reactive species formed by the catalyst\u2013PMS system on water treatment technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13050790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T04:33:56Z","timestamp":1677040436000},"page":"790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Enhanced Activation of Peroxymonosulfate for Tetracycline Degradation Using CoNi-Based Electrodeposited Films"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9223-6357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvira","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grup d\u2019Electrodeposici\u00f3 de Capes Primes i Nanoestructures (GE-CPN), Departament de Ci\u00e8ncia de Materials i Qu\u00edmica F\u00edsica, Universitat de Barcelona, Mart\u00ed i Franqu\u00e8s, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7826-9734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnau","family":"Fons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grup d\u2019Electrodeposici\u00f3 de Capes Primes i Nanoestructures (GE-CPN), Departament de Ci\u00e8ncia de Materials i Qu\u00edmica F\u00edsica, Universitat de Barcelona, Mart\u00ed i Franqu\u00e8s, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7589-119X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Cestaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Joining Technologies and Corrosion, CH-8600 D\u00fcbendorf, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0147-3400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Serr\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grup d\u2019Electrodeposici\u00f3 de Capes Primes i Nanoestructures (GE-CPN), Departament de Ci\u00e8ncia de Materials i Qu\u00edmica F\u00edsica, Universitat de Barcelona, Mart\u00ed i Franqu\u00e8s, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2113(07)95001-4","article-title":"The Emerging Global Water Crisis: Managing Scarcity and Conflict Between Water Users","volume":"95","author":"Jury","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Agron."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116543","article-title":"Photocatalytic treatment of natural waters. Reality or hype? The case of cyanotoxins remediation","volume":"188","author":"Philippe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.02.039","article-title":"Recent developments in photocatalytic water treatment technology: A review","volume":"44","author":"Chong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-5861(99)00102-9","article-title":"Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for water purification and recovery","volume":"53","author":"Andreozzi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3390\/catal3010189","article-title":"Heterogeneous Photocatalysis: Recent Advances and Applications","volume":"3","author":"Ibhadon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.04.238","article-title":"Challenges in photocatalytic reduction of nitrate as a water treatment technology","volume":"599\u2013600","author":"Tugaoen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.01.113","article-title":"Degradation of tetracycline by peroxymonosulfate activated with zero-valent iron: Performance, intermediates, toxicity and mechanism","volume":"364","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.121954","article-title":"Di Cobalt-impregnated biochar (Co-SCG) for heterogeneous activation of peroxymonosulfate for removal of tetracycline in water","volume":"292","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2009.02.029","article-title":"Degradation of atrazine by cobalt-mediated activation of peroxymonosulfate: Different cobalt counteranions in homogenous process and cobalt oxide catalysts in photolytic heterogeneous process","volume":"43","author":"Chan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.01.012","article-title":"Activation of peroxymonosulfate by microwave irradiation for degradation of organic contaminants","volume":"315","author":"Qi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122316","article-title":"Non-radical PMS activation by the nanohybrid material with periodic confinement of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and Cu hydroxides","volume":"392","author":"Shahzad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2022.05.045","article-title":"Co3O4 crystal plane regulation to efficiently activate peroxymonosulfate in water: The role of oxygen vacancies","volume":"623","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.128176","article-title":"Enhanced removal of methylparaben mediated by cobalt\/carbon nanotubes (Co\/CNTs) activated peroxymonosulfate in chloride-containing water: Reaction kinetics, mechanisms and pathways","volume":"409","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2021.10.087","article-title":"Enhanced degradation of organic contaminants by Fe(III)\/peroxymonosulfate process with L-cysteine","volume":"33","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2019.12.008","article-title":"Enabling Direct H2O2 Production in Acidic Media through Rational Design of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst","volume":"6","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.122587","article-title":"Understanding the synergetic effect from foreign metals in bimetallic oxides for PMS activation: A common strategy to increase the stoichiometric efficiency of oxidants","volume":"381","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Peng, R., Chen, K., Wang, Y., Xie, T., Zhu, Q., Peng, Y., Liu, S., and Yao, Z. (2022). A novel CoNi7O8\/MnO2 nanocomposite supported on Ni foam as a peroxymonosulfate activator for the highly efficient singlet oxygen mediated removal of methylene blue. New J. Chem., 7569\u20137579.","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NJ00112H"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.126877","article-title":"Degradation of acetaminophen by activated peroxymonosulfate using Co(OH)2 hollow microsphere supported titanate nanotubes: Insights into sulfate radical production pathway through CoOH+ activation","volume":"406","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123322","article-title":"Degradation of sulfamethoxazole by cobalt-nickel powder composite catalyst coupled with peroxymonosulfate: Performance, degradation pathways and mechanistic consideration","volume":"400","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2020.118971","article-title":"Diatomite supported hierarchical 2D CoNi3O4 nanoribbons as highly efficient peroxymonosulfate catalyst for atrazine degradation","volume":"272","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2022.141428","article-title":"Electrodeposition of CoNi alloys in a biocompatible DES and its suitability for activating the formation of sulfate radicals","volume":"435","author":"Fons","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.127477","article-title":"Facile cost-effective fabrication of Cu@Cu2O@CuO\u2013microalgae photocatalyst with enhanced visible light degradation of tetracycline","volume":"413","author":"Michler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.132006","article-title":"Visible-light driven sonophotocatalytic removal of tetracycline using Ca-doped ZnO nanoparticles","volume":"427","author":"Bembibre","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-013-0404-8","article-title":"Tetracycline antibiotics in the environment: A review","volume":"11","author":"Daghrir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02987711","article-title":"Use of veterinary drugs in intensive animal production: Evidence for persistence of tetracycline in pig slurry","volume":"1","author":"Winckler","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Soils Sediments"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2022.121703","article-title":"Applied Catalysis B: Environmental Electrodeposition of nanostructured Bi2MoO6@Bi2MoO6 \u2212 x homojunction films for the enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics","volume":"317","author":"Cestaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.11.059","article-title":"Activation of persulfate (PS) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and application for the degradation of emerging contaminants","volume":"334","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2021.115177","article-title":"Electrochemical assessment of high active area of cobalt deposited in deep eutectic solvent","volume":"896","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2020.136928","article-title":"Electrodeposition of nanostructured cobalt films from a deep eutectic solvent: Influence of the substrate and deposition potential range","volume":"359","author":"Giannotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.139972","article-title":"Core-shell structured cobalt\u2013nickel bimetallic sulfide with dual redox cycles to activate peroxymonosulfate for glyphosate removal","volume":"453","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.139155","article-title":"Efficient polyvinyl alcohol degradation via peroxymonosulfate activated by natural illite supported CoNi3O4 nanosheets","volume":"452","author":"Zhai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2021.151580","article-title":"High-efficiency carbamazepine degradation using a Ni\/Co-LDH as the peroxymonosulfate activator: Performance, mechanism and degradation pathway","volume":"574","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2022.121091","article-title":"Synergy between cobalt and nickel on NiCo2O4 nanosheets promotes peroxymonosulfate activation for efficient norfloxacin degradation","volume":"306","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.130801","article-title":"Metal-organic frameworks-derived hierarchical Co3O4\/CoNi-layered double oxides nanocages with the enhanced catalytic activity for toluene oxidation","volume":"280","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7399","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201502226","article-title":"Ultrathin Spinel-Structured Nanosheets Rich in Oxygen Deficiencies for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation","volume":"54","author":"Bao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Angew. Chemie-Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2017.01.122","article-title":"Tiny crystalline grain nanocrystal NiCo2O4\/N-doped graphene composite for efficient oxygen reduction reaction","volume":"345","author":"Wan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5855","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.6b02303","article-title":"Bridging of Ultrathin NiCo2O4 Nanosheets and Graphene with Polyaniline: A Theoretical and Experimental Study","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcata.2015.07.040","article-title":"Effect of Co\/Ni ratios in cobalt nickel mixed oxide catalysts on methane combustion","volume":"505","author":"Lim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. A Gen."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcat.2017.11.017","article-title":"Crystal-plane engineering of NiCo2O4 electrocatalysts towards efficient overall water splitting","volume":"357","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2018.05.001","article-title":"Hollow urchin-like NiO\/NiCo2O4 heterostructures as highly efficient catalysts for selective oxidation of styrene","volume":"526","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4155","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01597a081","article-title":"Acidity Constants of the Tetracycline Antibiotics","volume":"78","author":"Stephens","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.139545","article-title":"Petal-like hierarchical Co3O4\/N-doped porous carbon derived from Co-MOF for enhanced peroxymonosulfate activation to remove tetracycline hydrochloride","volume":"452","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.138655","article-title":"A novel partially carbonized Fe3O4@PANI-p catalyst for tetracycline degradation via peroxymonosulfate activation","volume":"451","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.138611","article-title":"Enhanced tetracycline degradation by N[sbnd]C codoped Fe2O3 with rich oxygen vacancies in peroxymonosulfate assisting photoelectrochemical oxidation system: Performance, mechanism and degradation pathway","volume":"451","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.138428","article-title":"Efficient tetracycline degradation via peroxymonosulfate activation by magnetic Co\/N co-doped biochar: Emphasizing the important role of biochar graphitization","volume":"450","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.138104","article-title":"Goethite-MoS2 hybrid with dual active sites boosted peroxymonosulfate activation for removal of tetracycline: The vital roles of hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen","volume":"450","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.136616","article-title":"Three-dimensional porous CuFe2O4 for visible-light-driven peroxymonosulfate activation with superior performance for the degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride","volume":"445","author":"Xin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.136589","article-title":"Built-in electric field mediated peroxymonosulfate activation over biochar supported-Co3O4 catalyst for tetracycline hydrochloride degradation","volume":"444","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2015.03.055","article-title":"In situ chemical oxidation of carbamazepine solutions using persulfate simultaneously activated by heat energy, UV light, Fe2+ ions, and H2O2","volume":"176\u2013177","author":"Monteagudo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.07.048","article-title":"Synergistic degradation of antibiotic sulfadiazine in a heterogeneous ultrasound-enhanced Fe0\/persulfate Fenton-like system","volume":"257","author":"Zou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6804","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA10178H","article-title":"Kinetics and reaction mechanism of photochemical degradation of diclofenac by UV-activated peroxymonosulfate","volume":"11","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.01.035","article-title":"Co\/Al2O3-EPM as peroxymonosulfate activator for sulfamethoxazole removal: Performance, biotoxicity, degradation pathways and mechanism","volume":"343","author":"Lai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.01.023","article-title":"The mechanism of degradation of bisphenol A using the magnetically separable CuFe2O4\/peroxymonosulfate heterogeneous oxidation process","volume":"309","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2019.01.025","article-title":"Degradation of p-nitrophenol (PNP)in aqueous solution by mFe\/Cu-air-PS system","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/13\/5\/790\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:38:22Z","timestamp":1760121502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/13\/5\/790"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nano13050790"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano13050790","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]}}}