{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T22:31:57Z","timestamp":1777415517794,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["21902157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21902157"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["22172068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22172068"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["rc382108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["rc382108"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022e07020037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022e07020037"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["BK20221485"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20221485"]}]},{"name":"Anhui Agricultural University","award":["21902157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21902157"]}]},{"name":"Anhui Agricultural University","award":["22172068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22172068"]}]},{"name":"Anhui Agricultural University","award":["rc382108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["rc382108"]}]},{"name":"Anhui Agricultural University","award":["2022e07020037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022e07020037"]}]},{"name":"Anhui Agricultural University","award":["BK20221485"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20221485"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Plan of Anhui Province","award":["21902157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21902157"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Plan of Anhui Province","award":["22172068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22172068"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Plan of Anhui Province","award":["rc382108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["rc382108"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Plan of Anhui Province","award":["2022e07020037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022e07020037"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Plan of Anhui Province","award":["BK20221485"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20221485"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["21902157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21902157"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["22172068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22172068"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["rc382108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["rc382108"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["2022e07020037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022e07020037"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["BK20221485"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20221485"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Engineering the surface structure of semiconductor is one of the most promising strategies for improving the separation and transfer efficiency of charge, which is a key issue in photocatalysis. Here, we designed and fabricated the C decorated hollow TiO2 photocatalysts (C\u2013TiO2), in which 3-aminophenol-formaldehyde resin (APF) spheres were used as template and carbon precursor. It was determined that the C content can be easily controlled by calcinating the APF spheres with different time. Moreover, the synergetic effort between the optimal C content and the formed Ti\u2013O\u2013C bonds in C\u2013TiO2 were determined to increase the light absorption and greatly promote the separation and transfer of charge in the photocatalytic reaction, which is verified from UV\u2013vis, PL, photocurrent, and EIS characterizations. Remarkably, the activity of the C\u2013TiO2 is 5.5-fold higher than that of TiO2 in H2 evolution. A feasible strategy for rational design and construction of surface-engineered hollow photocatalysts to improve the photocatalytic performance was provided in this study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13050926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T02:56:50Z","timestamp":1677812210000},"page":"926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Surface Modification of Hollow Structure TiO2 Nanospheres for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Gaomin","family":"Ning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of New Energy, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Fuxing Road 8, Jiangyin 214000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science & School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunjing","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China"},{"name":"Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China"},{"name":"Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengmeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science & School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangfang","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China"},{"name":"Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenlong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of New Energy, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Fuxing Road 8, Jiangyin 214000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science & School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5114-0404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China"},{"name":"Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China"},{"name":"College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University (Inner Mongolia), Hohhot 010021, China"},{"name":"DICP-Surrey Joint Centre for Future Materials, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, and Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of New Energy, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Fuxing Road 8, Jiangyin 214000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239176","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1239176","article-title":"Solar synthesis: Prospects in visible light photocatalysis","volume":"343","author":"Schultz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18911","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.0c05107","article-title":"CdS\/Metallic Mo hybrid photocatalysts with highly active interfacial Mo\u2013O\u2013S active sites for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under visible light","volume":"124","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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