{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T22:26:53Z","timestamp":1784672813088,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["NSF-DMR-221658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF-DMR-221658"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel composite hydrogel bead composed of sodium alginate (SA) and aldehyde cellulose nanocrystal (DCNC) was developed for antibiotic remediation through a one-step cross-linking process in a calcium chloride bath. Structural and physical properties of the hydrogel bead, with varying composition ratios, were analyzed using techniques such as BET analysis, SEM imaging, tensile testing, and rheology measurement. The optimal composition ratio was found to be 40% (SA) and 60% (DCNC) by weight. The performance of the SA\u2013DCNC hydrogel bead for antibiotic remediation was evaluated using doxycycline (DOXY) and three other tetracyclines in both single- and multidrug systems, yielding a maximum adsorption capacity of 421.5 mg g\u22121 at pH 7 and 649.9 mg g\u22121 at pH 11 for DOXY. The adsorption mechanisms were investigated through adsorption studies focusing on the effects of contact time, pH, concentration, and competitive contaminants, along with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of samples. The adsorption of DOXY was confirmed to be the synergetic effects of chemical reaction, electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, and pore diffusion\/surface deposition. The SA\u2013DCNC composite hydrogel demonstrated high reusability, with more than 80% of its adsorption efficiency remaining after five cycles of the adsorption\u2013desorption test. The SA\u2013DCNC composite hydrogel bead could be a promising biomaterial for future antibiotic remediation applications in both pilot and industrial scales because of its high adsorption efficiency and ease of recycling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13071161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T09:26:21Z","timestamp":1679649981000},"page":"1161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Sodium Alginate\u2013Aldehyde Cellulose Nanocrystal Composite Hydrogel for Doxycycline and Other Tetracycline Removal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Shiuan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"},{"name":"Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7730-4747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5116-3622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulrahman G.","family":"Alhamzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3180-1826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin S.","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraemer, S.A., Ramachandran, A., and Perron, G.G. (2019). Antibiotic Pollution in the Environment: From Microbial Ecology to Public Policy. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7060180"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5649","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503141112","article-title":"Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals","volume":"112","author":"Brower","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.124161","article-title":"Recent advancement in remediation of synthetic organic antibiotics from environmental matrices: Challenges and perspective","volume":"319","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiy101","article-title":"Water and sanitation: An essential battlefront in the war on antimicrobial resistance","volume":"94","author":"Burgmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1134\/S0020168516140065","article-title":"HPLC determination of tetracycline antibiotics in milk with post-column derivatization and fluorescence detection","volume":"52","author":"Kargin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inorg. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Croitoru, C., Roata, I.C., Pascu, A., and Stanciu, E.M. (2020). Diffusion and Controlled Release in Physically Crosslinked Poly (Vinyl Alcohol)\/Iota-Carrageenan Hydrogel Blends. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12071544"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1080\/00032719.2014.900780","article-title":"Determination of Tetracyclines by Solid-Phase Extraction with a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography","volume":"47","author":"Maia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(18)62121-5","article-title":"Degradation mechanisms of oxytetracycline in the environment","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2020.125730","article-title":"Fabrication of carboxymethyl cellulose and chitosan modified Magnetic alkaline Ca-bentonite for the adsorption of hazardous doxycycline","volume":"610","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2020.26305","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, and tetracycline adsorption behaviour of activated carbon dopped alginate beads: Isotherms, kinetics, thermodynamic, and adsorption mechanism","volume":"206","author":"Korkut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Desalination Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2020.124731","article-title":"Inhibitory role of citric acid in the adsorption of tetracycline onto biochars: Effects of solution pH and Cu2+","volume":"595","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.06.224","article-title":"Adsorption and co-adsorption of tetracycline and doxycycline by one-step synthesized iron loaded sludge biochar","volume":"236","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.133694","article-title":"3D Bombax-structured carbon nanotube sponge coupling with Ag3PO4 for tetracycline degradation under ultrasound and visible light irradiation","volume":"695","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.07.084","article-title":"Multi-walled carbon nanotube\/amino-functionalized MIL-53(Fe) composites: Remarkable adsorptive removal of antibiotics from aqueous solutions","volume":"210","author":"Xiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-018-2814-9","article-title":"Adsorption of Tetracycline with Reduced Graphene Oxide Decorated with MnFe2O4 Nanoparticles","volume":"13","author":"Bao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.204","article-title":"Fabrication of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles embedded chitosan-diphenylureaformaldehyde resin for the removal of tetracycline from aqueous solution","volume":"134","author":"Ahamad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.05.130","article-title":"Adsorptive removal of antibiotics from water and wastewater: Progress and challenges","volume":"532","author":"Ahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.09.099","article-title":"Continuous flow adsorption of methylene blue by cellulose nanocrystal-alginate hydrogel beads in fixed bed columns","volume":"136","author":"Mohammed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.171","article-title":"Fabrication of carboxylated cellulose nanocrystal\/sodium alginate hydrogel beads for adsorption of Pb(II) from aqueous solution","volume":"108","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganguly, S., and Margel, S. (2022). A Review on Synthesis Methods of Phyllosilicate-and Graphene-Filled Composite Hydrogels. J. Compos. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs6010015"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3725","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-015-0747-3","article-title":"Cellulose nanocrystal\u2013alginate hydrogel beads as novel adsorbents for organic dyes in aqueous solutions","volume":"22","author":"Mohammed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5429","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-022-04619-1","article-title":"Dialdehyde cellulose as a niche material for versatile applications: An overview","volume":"29","author":"Dalei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8634","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c07839","article-title":"A Comparative Study of Mechanism and Performance of Anionic and Cationic Dialdehyde Nanocelluloses for Dye Adsorption and Separation","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4734","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.9b06683","article-title":"Cationic Dialdehyde Nanocellulose from Sugarcane Bagasse for Efficient Chromium(VI) Removal","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"094008","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/25\/9\/094008","article-title":"Nanocrystalline cellulose applied simultaneously as the gate dielectric and the substrate in flexible field effect transistors","volume":"25","author":"Gaspar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2004.11.027","article-title":"FTIR analysis of cellulose treated with sodium hydroxide and carbon dioxide","volume":"340","author":"Oh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-015-0575-5","article-title":"Sodium periodate oxidation of cellulose nanocrystal and its application as a paper wet strength additive","volume":"22","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.3144\/expresspolymlett.2012.85","article-title":"Effect of nanocellulose isolation techniques on the formation of reinforced poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposite films","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Express Polym. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4948","DOI":"10.1021\/am301325r","article-title":"TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose participating as crosslinking aid for alginate-based sponges","volume":"4","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1007\/s10450-013-9513-8","article-title":"Effect of pore size on the performance of composite adsorbent","volume":"19","author":"Bu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adsorption"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.01.100","article-title":"Dye removal from aqueous solution by magnetic alginate beads crosslinked with epichlorohydrin","volume":"178","author":"Rocher","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2018.12.091","article-title":"Rheological studies on nanocrystalline cellulose\/alginate suspensions","volume":"277","author":"Pinto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5417","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-017-1496-2","article-title":"Structure characterization of cellulose nanofiber hydrogel as functions of concentration and ionic strength","volume":"24","author":"Geng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siqueira, P., Siqueira, E., de Lima, A.E., Siqueira, G., Pinzon-Garcia, A.D., Lopes, A.P., Segura, M.E.C., Isaac, A., Pereira, F.V., and Botaro, V.R. (2019). Three-Dimensional Stable Alginate-Nanocellulose Gels for Biomedical Applications: Towards Tunable Mechanical Properties and Cell Growing. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9010078"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1080\/1023666X.2011.599923","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Films Based on Alginate and Aloe Vera","volume":"16","author":"Pereira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Anal. Charact."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"461","article-title":"Thermal decomposition of cellulose insulation","volume":"48","author":"Rantuch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cellul. Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1021\/bm034519+","article-title":"Effect of sulfate groups from sulfuric acid hydrolysis on the thermal degradation behavior of bacterial cellulose","volume":"5","author":"Roman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-46702004000200009","article-title":"Thermal behavior of alginic acid and its sodium salt","volume":"29","author":"Soares","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecl\u00e9tica Qu\u00edmica"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.10.085","article-title":"Effect of crosslinking functionality on microstructure, mechanical properties, and in vitro cytocompatibility of cellulose nanocrystals reinforced poly (vinyl alcohol)\/sodium alginate hybrid scaffolds","volume":"95","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2007.05.059","article-title":"5-ASA loaded chitosan-Ca-alginate microparticles: Preparation and physicochemical characterization","volume":"345","author":"Mladenovska","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2017.09.055","article-title":"Adsorption of Amido Black 10B from aqueous solution using polyaniline\/SiO2 nanocomposite: Experimental investigation and artificial neural network modeling","volume":"510","author":"Tanzifi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2018.03.128","article-title":"Interaction of anionic dyes with polyaniline implanted cellulose: Organic \u03c0-conjugated macromolecules in environmental applications","volume":"261","author":"Bhowmik","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6670","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TA13818H","article-title":"Stable cellulose-based porous binary metal\u2013organic gels as highly efficient adsorbents and their application in an adsorption bed for chlortetracycline hydrochloride decontamination","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114019","article-title":"Comparative adsorption mechanism of doxycycline and Congo red using synthesized kaolinite supported CoFe2O4 nanoparticles","volume":"260","author":"Olusegun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.125174","article-title":"Soft foam-like UiO-66\/Polydopamine\/Bacterial cellulose composite for the removal of aspirin and tetracycline hydrochloride","volume":"395","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.03.087","article-title":"Facile synthesis of Cu(II) impregnated biochar with enhanced adsorption activity for the removal of doxycycline hydrochloride from water","volume":"592","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2018.00080","article-title":"Comprehensive Adsorption Studies of Doxycycline and Ciprofloxacin Antibiotics by Biochars Prepared at Different Temperatures","volume":"6","author":"Zeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2013.12.048","article-title":"Application of graphene-like layered molybdenum disulfide and its excellent adsorption behavior for doxycycline antibiotic","volume":"243","author":"Chao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2011.11.015","article-title":"Adsorption and removal of tetracycline antibiotics from aqueous solution by graphene oxide","volume":"368","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizwan, M., Yahya, R., Hassan, A., Yar, M., Azzahari, A.D., Selvanathan, V., Sonsudin, F., and Abouloula, C.N. (2017). pH Sensitive Hydrogels in Drug Delivery: Brief History, Properties, Swelling, and Release Mechanism, Material Selection and Applications. Polymers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym9040137"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85889","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA16183E","article-title":"One-shot carboxylation of microcrystalline cellulose in the presence of nitroxyl radicals and sodium periodate","volume":"5","author":"Coseri","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.02.052","article-title":"Exploration of zwitterionic cellulose acetate antifouling ultrafiltration membrane for bovine serum albumin (BSA) separation","volume":"165","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19842","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR05383B","article-title":"Nanocellulose\/bioactive glass cryogels as scaffolds for bone regeneration","volume":"11","author":"Ferreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10801","DOI":"10.1039\/c1jm10849b","article-title":"Facile synthesis of mesoporous carbon nitrides using the incipient wetness method and the application as hydrogen adsorbent","volume":"21","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2020.117445","article-title":"Efficient ion-enhanced adsorption of congo red on polyacrolein from aqueous solution: Experiments, characterization and mechanism studies","volume":"252","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1107\/S0108270101006369","article-title":"1, 6-Interactions between dimethylamino and aldehyde groups in two biphenyl derivatives","volume":"57","author":"Wallis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. Sect. C Cryst. Struct. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s40090-019-0191-6","article-title":"Removal of tetracycline from aqueous solution using Fe-doped zeolite","volume":"10","author":"Nouri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Chem."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/13\/7\/1161\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:02:33Z","timestamp":1760122953000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/13\/7\/1161"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nano13071161"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano13071161","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]}}}