{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:03:26Z","timestamp":1791896606256,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":185,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]],"date-time":"2023-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FARB funds of the University of Salerno"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As cardiac diseases, which mostly result in heart failure, are increasing rapidly worldwide, heart transplantation seems the only solution for saving lives. However, this practice is not always possible due to several reasons, such as scarcity of donors, rejection of organs from recipient bodies, or costly medical procedures. In the framework of nanotechnology, nanomaterials greatly contribute to the development of these cardiovascular scaffolds as they provide an easy regeneration of the tissues. Currently, functional nanofibers can be used in the production of stem cells and in the regeneration of cells and tissues. The small size of nanomaterials, however, leads to changes in their chemical and physical characteristics that could alter their interaction and exposure to stem cells with cells and tissues. This article aims to review the naturally occurring biodegradable nanomaterials that are used in cardiovascular tissue engineering for the development of cardiac patches, vessels, and tissues. Moreover, this article also provides an overview of cell sources used for cardiac tissue engineering, explains the anatomy and physiology of the human heart, and explores the regeneration of cardiac cells and the nanofabrication approaches used in cardiac tissue engineering as well as scaffolds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13081374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T01:34:15Z","timestamp":1681695255000},"page":"1374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A Review on the Applications of Natural Biodegradable Nano Polymers in Cardiac Tissue Engineering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7042-2127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rabia","family":"Aziz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics (DIEM), University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"},{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR)-Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM), Area Science Park Basovizza S.S. 14-Km. 163, 5-34149 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9735-446X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariarosaria","family":"Falanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics (DIEM), University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"Purenovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Materials, Faculty of Sciences at Cacak, University of Kragujevac, 32000 Cacak, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6759-8957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Mancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics (DIEM), University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5037-8074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizia","family":"Lamberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics (DIEM), University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"},{"name":"Italian Interuniversity Research Center on Interaction between Electromagnetic Fields and Biosystems (ICEmB), Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Genova, DITEN, Via all\u2019Opera Pia 11\/a, 16145 Genova, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Research Centre for Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology at the University of Salerno (NanoMates), Department of Physics, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1108-5391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Guida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics (DIEM), University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"},{"name":"Italian Interuniversity Research Center on Interaction between Electromagnetic Fields and Biosystems (ICEmB), Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Genova, DITEN, Via all\u2019Opera Pia 11\/a, 16145 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-018-0202-8","article-title":"Big bottlenecks in cardiovascular tissue engineering","volume":"1","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Commun. 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