{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T02:03:56Z","timestamp":1781229836765,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]],"date-time":"2023-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deputyship for Research &amp; Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia","award":["223202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["223202"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we synthesized, characterized, and explored the anti-microbial and anti-cancer effects of albumin\u2013chlorogenic acid nanoparticles (NPs). Characterization studies with a UV-vis spectrophotometer, FTIR, PL spectrum, TEM, FESEM, XRD, and DLA analysis showed patterns confirming the physio\u2013chemical nature of biogenic nanocomposites. Further, anti-microbial studies using bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholera, and fungal strain Candida albicans showed significant (p &lt; 0.05) anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities. Next, we used MDA-MB-435s, a human cell line, to evaluate the anti-cancer effects of albumin\u2013chlorogenic acid NPs. Cytotoxic studies revealed its IC50 concentration at 24 \u03bcg\/mL after a 24 h treatment of MDA-MB-435s cells. We chose this IC50 dose to analyze albumin\u2013chlorogenic acid NPs anti-cancer effects in vitro. MDA-MB-435s cells exposed to our NPs were studied via AO\/EtBr staining, cell cycle analyses via PI staining, the status of whole genomic damage via comet assay, levels of apoptotic cells via annexin V\/PI staining, ROS generation via DCFH-DA staining, an assay of antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase, and antioxidant GSH, via ELISA analyses of apoptotic markers caspase-3, 8, 9, Bax, Bcl-2, CytC, and p53, PI3\/AKT\/mTOR pathway. Our results collectively showed albumin\u2013chlorogenic acid NPs induced apoptosis via p53-dependent and PI3\/AKT\/mTOR inhibition in MDA-MB-435s cells. Our results denote albumin\u2013chlorogenic acid NPs can be used as an effective candidate for anti-microbial and anti-cancer applications; however, further in vivo confirmatory studies are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13091438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T01:35:44Z","timestamp":1682300144000},"page":"1438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effects of Albumin\u2013Chlorogenic Acid Nanoparticles on Apoptosis and PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR Pathway Inhibitory Activity in MDA-MB-435s Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Badr","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6219-5312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abozer Y.","family":"Elderdery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6839-8866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Alsrhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4877-2152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasser A. N.","family":"Alzerwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, P.O. Box 66, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam Musleh","family":"Althobiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Science, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musaed","family":"Rayzah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, P.O. Box 66, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bandar","family":"Idrees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Prince Sultan Military Medical City in Riyadh, Makkah Al Mukarramah Rd, As Sulimaniyah 12233, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2660-5054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed M. E.","family":"Elkhalifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh 11673, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of El Imam El Mahdi, Kosti 1158, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suresh K.","family":"Subbiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Materials Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600073, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pooi Ling","family":"Mok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2020.107657","article-title":"Towards Green Nanoscience: From extraction to nanoformulation","volume":"46","author":"Gainza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191141","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.191141","article-title":"Synthesis of antibacterial gold nanoparticles with different particle sizes using chlorogenic acid","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, K.H., Riaz, M.K., Xie, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, Q., Chen, H., Bian, Z., Chen, X., Lu, A., and Yang, Z. (2019). Review of Current Strategies for Delivering Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Drugs across the Blood-Brain Barrier. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20020381"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez, L., Kharissova, O., and Kharisov, B. (2019). Handbook of Ecomaterials, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-68255-6"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1515\/ntrev-2022-0148","article-title":"Recent developments and applications of smart nanoparticles in biomedicine","volume":"11","author":"Campora","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6439","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-011-0397-9","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles produced in a microalga","volume":"13","author":"Luangpipat","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nanoparticle Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, F., Shariq, M., Asif, M., Siddiqui, M.A., Malan, P., and Ahmad, F. (2022). Green Nanotechnology: Plant-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis and Application. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12040673"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajps.2014.09.005","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid loaded chitosan nanoparticles with sustained release property, retained antioxidant activity and enhanced bioavailability","volume":"10","author":"Nallamuthu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojas-Gonz\u00e1lez, A., Figueroa-Hern\u00e1ndez, C.Y., Gonz\u00e1lez-Rios, O., Su\u00e1rez-Quiroz, M.L., Gonz\u00e1lez-Amaro, R.M., Hern\u00e1ndez-Estrada, Z.J., and Rayas-Duarte, P. (2022). Coffee Chlorogenic Acids Incorporation for Bioactivity Enhancement of Foods: A Review. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27113400"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.4161\/oxim.2.5.9498","article-title":"Plant polyphenols as dietary antioxidants in human health and disease","volume":"2","author":"Pandey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T., Yin, L., Ma, Z., and Zhang, Y. (2022). Chlorogenic Acid-Loaded Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Modified with Hexa-Histidine Peptides Reduce Skin Allergies by Capturing Nickel. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041430"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.111908","article-title":"1,2,3-Triazole tethered 1,2,4-trioxanes: Studies on their synthesis and effect on osteopontin expression in MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells","volume":"186","author":"Pasupuleti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2021.1880402","article-title":"Effects of lycopene from guava (Psidium guajava L.) derived products on breast cancer cells","volume":"36","author":"Polinati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20191500","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765202020191500","article-title":"Antiproliferative effect of guava fruit extracts in MDA-MB-435 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines","volume":"92","author":"Correa","year":"2020","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Cienc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.0c00747","article-title":"Dehydroberberine Analogue Nanoassemblies for Inducing and Self-Reporting Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Tumor Cells","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735414564423","article-title":"Effects of Withania somnifera and Tinospora cordifolia Extracts on the Side Population Phenotype of Human Epithelial Cancer Cells: Toward targeting multidrug resistance in cancer","volume":"14","author":"Maliyakkal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Integr. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1197","article-title":"Apoptosis induction in MDA-MB-435S, Hep3B and PC-3 cell lines by Rheum emodi rhizome extracts","volume":"12","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2012.13.2.699","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of the relative antineoplastic potential of the n-butanolic leaf extract of Annona muricata Linn. in normal and immortalized human cell lines","volume":"13","author":"George","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9602725","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9602725","article-title":"CuO-TiO2-Chitosan-Berbamine Nanocomposites Induce Apoptosis through the Mitochondrial Pathway with the Expression of P53, BAX, and BCL-2 in the Human K562 Cancer Cell Line","volume":"2022","author":"Elderdery","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioinorg. Chem. Appl."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5221","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10105221","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles, Their Characterization, Application and Antibacterial Activity","volume":"10","author":"Okafor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535796","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/535796","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of Biologically Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles in MDA-MB-231 Human Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"2013","author":"Gurunathan","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.12659\/MSMBR.893327","article-title":"Dual AO\/EB Staining to Detect Apoptosis in Osteosarcoma Cells Compared with Flow Cytometry","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit. Basic Res."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"14","article-title":"Use of the comet assay technique for quick and reliable prediction of in vitro response to chemotherapeutics in breast and colon cancer","volume":"21","author":"Apostolou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noh, J.-I., Mun, S.-K., Lim, E., Kim, H., Chang, D.-J., Hur, J.-S., and Yee, S.-T. (2021). Induction of Apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 Cells Treated with the Methanol Extract of Lichen Physconia hokkaidensis. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7030188"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.5487\/TR.2016.32.4.345","article-title":"Propolis Inhibits UVA-Induced Apoptosis of Human Keratinocyte HaCaT Cells by Scavenging ROS","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","article-title":"Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent","volume":"193","author":"Lowry","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.010","article-title":"TGF-\u03b22, catalase activity, H2O2 output and metastatic potential of diverse types of tumour","volume":"134","author":"Haidar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(71)90370-8","article-title":"Superoxide dismutase: Improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels","volume":"44","author":"Beauchamp","year":"1971","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"513","article-title":"Intracellular GSH Alterations and Its Relationship to Level of Resistance following Exposure to Cisplatin in Cancer Cells","volume":"14","author":"Jamali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.2203\/dose-response.10-002.Siddique","article-title":"Estimation of Lipid Peroxidation Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide in Cultured Human Lymphocytes","volume":"10","author":"Siddique","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dose-Response"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-03224-z","article-title":"Anti-PD1 therapy induces lymphocyte-derived exosomal miRNA-4315 release inhibiting Bim-mediated apoptosis of tumor cells","volume":"11","author":"Guyon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3393","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.51437","article-title":"ZFPM2-AS1 transcriptionally mediated by STAT1 regulates thyroid cancer cell growth, migration and invasion via miR-515-5p\/TUSC3","volume":"12","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4573","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2017.6815","article-title":"Combining thioridazine and loratadine for the treatment of gastrointestinal tumor","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4567","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2020.1778532","article-title":"Biophysical insights into the interaction of human serum albumin with Cassia fistula leaf extracts inspired biogenic potent antibacterial and anticancerous gold nanoparticles","volume":"39","author":"Beg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1002\/nano.202200049","article-title":"Bacteria (E. coli) take up ultrasmall gold nanoparticles (2 nm) as shown by different optical microscopic techniques (CLSM, SIM, STORM)","volume":"3","author":"Sokolova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Sel."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1800196","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201800196","article-title":"Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Activities of Surface Engineered Polycationic Albumin Nanoparticles with Reduced Hemolytic Activity","volume":"18","author":"Obuobi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5787","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2013.7492","article-title":"Biogenic silver nanoparticles with chlorogenic acid as a bioreducing agent","volume":"13","author":"Noh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hornok, V. (2021). Serum Albumin Nanoparticles: Problems and Prospects. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13213759"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2014.12.002","article-title":"Implications of Protein- and Peptide-Based Nanoparticles as Potential Vehicles for Anticancer Drugs","volume":"98","author":"Elzoghby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Protein Chem. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s40005-016-0250-3","article-title":"Albumin-based potential drugs: Focus on half-life extension and nanoparticle preparation","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Investig."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"930","article-title":"Albumin-based nanoparticles: A promising strategy to overcome cancer drug resistance","volume":"3","author":"Hassanin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.08.085","article-title":"Self-crosslinked human serum albumin nanocarriers for systemic delivery of polymerized siRNA to tumors","volume":"34","author":"Son","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.3109\/02652048.2012.680511","article-title":"Survivin-miRNA-loaded nanoparticles as auxiliary tools for radiation therapy: Preparation, characterisation, drug release, cytotoxicity and therapeutic effect on colorectal cancer cells","volume":"29","author":"Gaca","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Microencapsul."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/13\/9\/1438\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:21:20Z","timestamp":1760124080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/13\/9\/1438"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nano13091438"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano13091438","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]]}}}