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Here, the interactions at the carbon\/iodine interface from first contact with the aqueous electrolyte to the electrochemical polarization conditions in a hybrid cell are investigated by a combination of in situ and ex situ methods. EQCM investigations confirm the flushing out of water from the pores during iodine formation at the positive electrode. XPS of the carbon surface shows irreversible oxidation at the initial electrolyte immersion and to a larger extent during the first few charge\/discharge cycles. This leads to the creation of functional groups at the surface while further reactive sites are consumed by iodine, causing a kind of passivation during a stable cycling regime. Two sources of carbon electrode structural modifications during iodine formation in the nanopores have been revealed by in situ Raman spectroscopy, (i) charge transfer and (ii) mechanical strain, both causing reversible changes and thus preventing performance deterioration during the long-term cycling of energy storage devices that use iodine-charged carbon electrodes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13091545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T01:38:21Z","timestamp":1683250701000},"page":"1545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Impact of Iodine Electrodeposition on Nanoporous Carbon Electrode Determined by EQCM, XPS and In Situ Raman Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Harald","family":"Fitzek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy (ZFE), Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9089-9061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Sterrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, University of Graz, Universit\u00e4tsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0755-958X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Knez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis (FELMI), Graz University of Technology (TU Graz), NAWI Graz, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Horst","family":"Schranger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelina","family":"Sarapulova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9295-2110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Dsoke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany"},{"name":"Helmholtz Institute Ulm for Electrochemical Energy Storage (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hartmuth","family":"Schroettner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy (ZFE), Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis (FELMI), Graz University of Technology (TU Graz), NAWI Graz, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Kothleitner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy (ZFE), Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis (FELMI), Graz University of Technology (TU Graz), NAWI Graz, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1072-9770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernhard","family":"Gollas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1169-1906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qamar","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology (PUT), 60965 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4838","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18610-6","article-title":"Persistent and reversible solid iodine electrodeposition in nanoporous carbons","volume":"11","author":"Prehal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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