{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:59:24Z","timestamp":1787029164779,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41830431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41830431"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-NE0008797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-NE0008797"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R.E. McAdams Memorial Grant in 2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R.E. McAdams Memorial Grant in 2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Energy","award":["41830431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41830431"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Energy","award":["DE-NE0008797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-NE0008797"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Energy","award":["R.E. McAdams Memorial Grant in 2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R.E. McAdams Memorial Grant in 2019"]}]},{"name":"AAPG Grants-in-Aid program","award":["41830431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41830431"]}]},{"name":"AAPG Grants-in-Aid program","award":["DE-NE0008797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-NE0008797"]}]},{"name":"AAPG Grants-in-Aid program","award":["R.E. McAdams Memorial Grant in 2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R.E. McAdams Memorial Grant in 2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Laboratory-scale analysis of natural rocks provides petrophysical properties such as density, porosity, pore diameter\/pore-throat diameter distribution, and fluid accessibility, in addition to the size and shape of framework grains and their contact relationship with the rock matrix. Different types of laboratory approaches for petrophysical characterization involve the use of a range of sample sizes. While the sample sizes selected should aim to be representative of the rock body, there are inherent limitations imposed by the analytical principles and holding capacities of the different experimental apparatuses, with many instruments only able to accept samples at the \u03bcm\u2013mm scale. Therefore, a total of nine (three limestones, three shales, two sandstones, and one dolomite) samples were collected from Texas to fill the knowledge gap of the sample size effect on the resultant petrophysical characteristics. The sample sizes ranged from 3 cm cubes to &lt;75 \u03bcm particles. Using a combination of petrographic microscopy, helium expansion pycnometry, water immersion porosimetry, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and (ultra-) small-angle X-ray scattering, the impact of sample size on the petrophysical properties of these samples was systematically investigated here. The results suggest that the sample size effect is influenced by both pore structure changes during crushing and sample size-dependent fluid-to-pore connectivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13101651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T01:52:41Z","timestamp":1684288361000},"page":"1651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Sample Size Effects on Petrophysical Characterization and Fluid-to-Pore Accessibility of Natural Rocks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1886-0143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiming","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4782-319X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinhong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"},{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Science and Resources, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8750-1435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1982-8900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Ilavsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengdi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Continental Shale Hydrocarbon Accumulation and Efficient Development, Ministry of Education, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linhao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Petroleum Exploration and Development, Jianghan Oilfield Branch Company, Sinopec, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2012.03.006","article-title":"Low pore connectivity in natural rock","volume":"133","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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