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However, keeping satellites in LEO and VLEO presents a unique set of challenges, in addition to those typically associated with exposure to space environment such as damage from space debris, thermal fluctuations, radiation and thermal management in vacuum. The structural and functional elements of LEO and especially VLEO satellites are significantly affected by residual atmosphere and, in particular, atomic oxygen (AO). At VLEO, the remaining atmosphere is dense enough to create significant drag and quicky de-orbit satellites; thus, thrusters are needed to keep them on a stable orbit. Atomic oxygen-induced material erosion is another key challenge to overcome during the design phase of LEO and VLEO spacecraft. This review covered the corrosion interactions between the satellites and the low orbit environment, and how it can be minimised through the use of carbon-based nanomaterials and their composites. The review also discussed key mechanisms and challenges underpinning material design and fabrication, and it outlined the current research in this area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13111763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T07:21:51Z","timestamp":1685517711000},"page":"1763","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Carbon Nanocomposites in Aerospace Technology: A Way to Protect Low-Orbit Satellites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2215-7450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janith","family":"Weerasinghe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Computing and Cybernetics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karthika","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Computing and Cybernetics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0459-5964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joice","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Instrumentation and Technology Centre, Research School of Astronomy & Astrophysics, ANU College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Trifoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Instrumentation and Technology Centre, Research School of Astronomy & Astrophysics, ANU College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5356-1125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleg","family":"Baranov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical Mechanics, Engineering and Robomechanical Systems, National Aerospace University, 61070 Kharkiv, Ukraine"},{"name":"Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jozef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8606-6195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Levchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Computing and Cybernetics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia"},{"name":"Plasma Sources and Application Centre, NIE, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kateryna","family":"Bazaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Computing and Cybernetics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Sgobba, T., Kanki, B., Clervoy, J.-F., and Sandal, G.M. 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