{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T23:07:05Z","timestamp":1781651225973,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["12074303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12074303"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["11804267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11804267"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["22150005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22150005"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021TD-56"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021TD-56"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2018YFA0704805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFA0704805"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["KZ202110028043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KZ202110028043"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012270","name":"Shaanxi Key Science and Technology Innovation Team Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12074303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12074303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012270","name":"Shaanxi Key Science and Technology Innovation Team Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11804267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11804267"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012270","name":"Shaanxi Key Science and Technology Innovation Team Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22150005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22150005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012270","name":"Shaanxi Key Science and Technology Innovation Team Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021TD-56"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021TD-56"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012270","name":"Shaanxi Key Science and Technology Innovation Team Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFA0704805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFA0704805"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012270","name":"Shaanxi Key Science and Technology Innovation Team Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KZ202110028043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KZ202110028043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12074303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12074303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11804267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11804267"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22150005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22150005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021TD-56"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021TD-56"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFA0704805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFA0704805"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KZ202110028043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KZ202110028043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, China","award":["12074303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12074303"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, China","award":["11804267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11804267"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, China","award":["22150005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22150005"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, China","award":["2021TD-56"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021TD-56"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, China","award":["2018YFA0704805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFA0704805"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, China","award":["KZ202110028043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KZ202110028043"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergent optical activity (OA) caused by anisotropic light emitter in microcavities is an important physical mechanism discovered recently, which leads to Rashba\u2013Dresselhaus photonic spin-orbit (SO) coupling. In this study, we report a sharp contrast of the roles of the emergent OA in free and confined cavity photons, by observing the optical chirality in a planar\u2013planar microcavity and its elimination in a concave\u2013planar microcavity, evidenced by polarization-resolved white-light spectroscopy, which agrees well with the theoretical predictions based on the degenerate perturbation theory. Moreover, we theoretically predict that a slight phase gradient in real space can partially restore the effect of the emergent OA in confined cavity photons. The results are significant additions to the field of cavity spinoptronics and provide a novel method for manipulating photonic SO coupling in confined optical systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13121868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T01:31:31Z","timestamp":1686879091000},"page":"1868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Elimination of Chirality in Three-Dimensionally Confined Open-Access Microcavities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yiming","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxuan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaowei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanbin","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbing","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanpeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"},{"name":"Solid-State Lighting Engineering Research Center, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"},{"name":"Solid-State Lighting Engineering Research Center, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4096","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.449724","article-title":"Optimal weak measurement in the photonic spin Hall effect for arbitrary linear polarization incidence","volume":"30","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"083901","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.126.083901","article-title":"Wave-Vector-Varying Pancharatnam-Berry Phase Photonic Spin Hall Effect","volume":"126","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1234892","article-title":"Spin-Optical Metamaterial Route to Spin-Controlled Photonics","volume":"340","author":"Shitrit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.1c01806","article-title":"Engineering Chiral Light-Matter Interactions in a Waveguide-Coupled Nanocavity","volume":"9","author":"Hallett","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0601-5","article-title":"Exciton-polariton topological insulator","volume":"562","author":"Klembt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le\u00f3n-Gonz\u00e1lez, J.C., Toscano-Negrette, R.G., Morales, A.L., Vinasco, J.A., Y\u00fccel, M.B., Sari, H., Kasapoglu, E., Sakiroglu, S., Mora-Ramos, M.E., and Restrepo, R.L. (2023). Spin\u2013Orbit and Zeeman Effects on the Electronic Properties of Single Quantum Rings: Applied Magnetic Field and Topological Defects. Nanomaterials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13091461"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"056002","DOI":"10.1117\/1.AP.3.5.056002","article-title":"Active spintronic-metasurface terahertz emitters with tunable chirality","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s43593-022-00018-y","article-title":"Spin-orbit-locked hyperbolic polariton vortices carrying reconfigurable topological charges","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLight"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000214","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202000214","article-title":"Electric Control of Spin-Orbit Coupling in Graphene-Based Nanostructures with Broken Rotational Symmetry","volume":"14","author":"Ciattoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3667","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2021-0201","article-title":"Optical spin-orbit coupling in the presence of magnetization: Photonic skyrmion interaction with magnetic domains","volume":"10","author":"Lei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166803","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.117.166803","article-title":"Strong Spin-Orbit Interaction of Light in Plasmonic Nanostructures and Nanocircuits","volume":"117","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4953","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.0c01019","article-title":"Selectively Depopulating Valley-Polarized Excitons in Monolayer MoS2 by Local Chirality in Single Plasmonic Nanocavity","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crhy.2016.07.003","article-title":"Chirality in photonic systems","volume":"17","author":"Solnyshkov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R04","DOI":"10.3788\/PI.2022.R04","article-title":"Microcavity exciton polaritons at room temperature","volume":"1","author":"Ghosh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photonics Insights"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4668","article-title":"The road towards polaritonic devices","volume":"15","author":"Sanvitto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136601","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.95.136601","article-title":"Optical spin hall effect","volume":"95","author":"Kavokin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys676","article-title":"Observation of the optical spin Hall effect","volume":"3","author":"Leyder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys2406","article-title":"Half-solitons in a polariton quantum fluid behave like magnetic monopoles","volume":"8","author":"Hivet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2590","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3590","article-title":"Hyperbolic spin vortices and textures in exciton-polariton condensates","volume":"4","author":"Manni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20845-2","article-title":"Nontrivial band geometry in an optically active system","volume":"12","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-020-00729-z","article-title":"Optical analogue of Dresselhaus spin-orbit interaction in photonic graphene","volume":"15","author":"Whittaker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay4182","article-title":"Engineering spin-orbit synthetic Hamiltonians in liquid-crystal optical cavities","volume":"366","author":"Mazur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-1989-2","article-title":"Measurement of the quantum geometric tensor and of the anomalous Hall drift","volume":"578","author":"Gianfrate","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-021-00977-2","article-title":"Tuning of the Berry curvature in 2D perovskite polaritons","volume":"16","author":"Polimeno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203588","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202203588","article-title":"Helical Polariton Lasing from Topological Valleys in an Organic Crystalline Microcavity","volume":"9","author":"Long","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227401","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.123.227401","article-title":"Voigt Exceptional Points in an Anisotropic ZnO-Based Planar Microcavity: Square-Root Topology, Polarization Vortices, and Circularity","volume":"123","author":"Richter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107402","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.127.107402","article-title":"Experimental Measurement of the Divergent Quantum Metric of an Exceptional Point","volume":"127","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3785","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31529-4","article-title":"Manipulating polariton condensates by Rashba-Dresselhaus coupling at room temperature","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246401","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.115.246401","article-title":"Spin Textures of Exciton-Polaritons in a Tunable Microcavity with Large TE-TM Splitting","volume":"115","author":"Dufferwiel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"011034","article-title":"Spin-Orbit Coupling for Photons and Polaritons in Microstructures","volume":"5","author":"Sala","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. X"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970061","DOI":"10.1002\/qute.201970061","article-title":"Tunable Open-Access Microcavities for Solid-State Quantum Photonics and Polaritonics","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Quantum Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7550","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.0c03009","article-title":"Efficient Bosonic Condensation of Exciton Polaritons in an H-Aggregate Organic Single-Crystal Microcavity","volume":"20","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100252","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202100252","article-title":"Realization of Exciton-Mediated Optical Spin-Orbit Interaction in Organic Microcrystalline Resonators","volume":"16","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126401","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.117.126401","article-title":"Giant Rashba Splitting in CH3NH3PbBr3 Organic-Inorganic Perovskite","volume":"117","author":"Niesner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Landau, L.D., and Lifshitz, E.M. (2013). Quantum Mechanics: Non-Relativistic Theory, Elsevier."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/13\/12\/1868\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:56:07Z","timestamp":1760126167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/13\/12\/1868"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nano13121868"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano13121868","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]]}}}