{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T03:00:41Z","timestamp":1787626841246,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Government of Perm Krai","award":["C-26\/542"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C-26\/542"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work investigated the influence of synthesis conditions, including the use of nonionic structure-forming compounds (surfactants) with different molecular weights (400\u201312,600 g\/mol) and various hydrophilic\/hydrophobic characteristics, as well as the use of a glass substrate and hydrothermal exposure on the texture and structural properties of ZnO samples. By X-ray analysis, it was determined that the synthesis intermediate in all cases is the compound Zn5(OH)8(NO3)2\u22192H2O. It was shown that thermolysis of this compound at 600 \u00b0C, regardless of the physicochemical properties of the surfactants, leads to the formation of ZnO with a wurtzite structure and spherical or oval particles. The particle size increased slightly as the molecular weight and viscosity of the surfactants grew, from 30 nm using Pluronic F-127 (MM = 12,600) to 80 nm using Pluronic L-31 (MM = 1100), PE-block-PEG (MM = 500) and PEG (MM = 400). Holding the pre-washed synthetic intermediates (Zn5(OH)8(NO3)2\u22192H2O) under hydrothermal conditions resulted in the formation of hexagonal ZnO rod crystal structures of various sizes. It was shown that the largest ZnO particles (10\u201315 \u03bcm) were observed in a sample obtained during hydrothermal exposure using Pluronic P-123 (MM = 5800). Atomic adsorption spectroscopy performed comparative quantitative analysis of residual Zn2+ ions in the supernatant of ZnO samples with different particle sizes and shapes. It was shown that the residual amount of Zn2+ ions was higher in the case of examining ZnO samples which have spherical particles of 30\u201380 nm. For example, in the supernatant of a ZnO sample that had a particle size of 30 nm, the quantitative content of Zn2+ ions was 10.22 mg\/L.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13182537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T09:05:17Z","timestamp":1694423117000},"page":"2537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Influence of Synthesis Conditions on the Properties of Zinc Oxide Obtained in the Presence of Nonionic Structure-Forming Compounds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Viktor A.","family":"Valtsifer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 614013 Perm, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4348-7491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia V.","family":"Sivtseva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 614013 Perm, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia B.","family":"Kondrashova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 614013 Perm, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artem S.","family":"Shamsutdinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 614013 Perm, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia S.","family":"Averkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 614013 Perm, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor V.","family":"Valtsifer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 614013 Perm, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8669-3666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina N.","family":"Feklistova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Faculty of Biology, Belarusian State University, 220045 Minsk, Belarus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir N.","family":"Strelnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 614013 Perm, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"A comprehensive review of ZnO materials and devices","volume":"98","author":"Alivov","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1166\/jnan.2013.1147","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanostructures: Synthesis, characterizations and device applications","volume":"3","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nanoeng. Nanomanuf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2012.01.076","article-title":"Zinc oxide particles: Synthesis, properties and applications","volume":"185\u2013186","author":"Moezzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.3390\/ma7042833","article-title":"Zinc oxide\u2014From synthesis to application: A review","volume":"7","author":"Jesionowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1177","article-title":"An overview on uses of zinc oxide nanoparticles","volume":"4","author":"Bedi","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1595\/205651320X15694993568524","article-title":"A short review on properties and applications of ZnO based thin film and devices","volume":"64","author":"Vyas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Johnson Matthey Technol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rsurfi.2021.100003","article-title":"Optoelectronic and solar cell applications of ZnO nanostructures","volume":"2","author":"Zahoor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surf. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12327","DOI":"10.15835\/nbha49212327","article-title":"Foliar application of zinc oxide nanoparticles and grafting improves the bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) productivity grown in NFT system","volume":"49","year":"2021","journal-title":"Not. Bot. Horti Agrobot."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.123475","article-title":"Application of ZnO nanostructures in ceramic and polymeric membranes for water and wastewater technologies: A review","volume":"391","author":"Sheikh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.571790","article-title":"Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles by ecofriendly routes: Adsorbent for copper removal from wastewater","volume":"8","author":"Primo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s40090-018-0136-5","article-title":"Application of ZnO nanorods as an adsorbent material for the removal of As (III) from aqueous solution: Kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamic studies","volume":"9","author":"Yuvaraja","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20465","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA03158A","article-title":"Heterogeneous ZnO-containing catalysts for efficient biodiesel production","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., and Chen, L. (2016). The applications of morphology controlled ZnO in catalysis. Catalysts, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal6120188"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.4314\/njt.v38i3.19","article-title":"Effect of zinc oxide level as activator on the mechanical properties of natural rubber composite","volume":"38","author":"Chukwu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Niger. J. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maciejewska, M., and Sowi\u0144ska, A. (2021). Zinc complexes with 1,3-diketones as activators for sulfur vulcanization of styrene-butadiene elastomer filled with carbon black. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14143804"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, Z., Ferreira, N.M., Figueiredo, G., Mendo, S., Nunes, C., and Ferreira, P. (2022). Electrically Conductive and Antimicrobial Agro-Food Waste Biochar Functionalized with Zinc Oxide Particles. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23148022"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12463","article-title":"Zinc-containing compounds for personal care applications","volume":"40","author":"Abendrot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-022-04126-0","article-title":"Antibacterial activity study of ZnO incorporated biodegradable poly (lactic acid) films for food packaging applications","volume":"80","author":"Akshaykranth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-022-00952-8","article-title":"Caesalpinia Crista seeds mediated green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles for antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities","volume":"12","author":"Donga","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioNanoScience"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-021-03712-8","article-title":"Biomedical application of chitosan and piper longum-assisted nano zinc oxide\u2013based dental varnish","volume":"194","author":"Harini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wahid, F., and Zhong, C. (2017). Recent advances in antimicrobial hydrogels containing metal ions and metals\/metal oxide nanoparticles. Polymers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym9120636"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motelica, L., Ficai, D., Oprea, O., Ficai, A., Trusca, R.-D., Andronescu, E., and Holban, A.M. (2021). Biodegradable Alginate Films with ZnO Nanoparticles and Citronella Essential Oil\u2014A Novel Antimicrobial Structure. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13071020"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nie, J., Wu, Z., Pang, B., Guo, Y., Li, S., and Pan, Q. (2022). Fabrication of ZnO@Plant Polyphenols\/Cellulose as Active Food Packaging and Its Enhanced Antibacterial Activity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095218"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alrajhi, A.H., Ahmed, N.M., Halim, M.M., Altowyan, A.S., Azmi, M.N., and Almessiere, M.A. (2023). Distinct Optical and Structural (Nanoyarn and Nanomat-like Structure) Characteristics of Zinc Oxide Nanofilm Derived by Using Salvia officinalis Leaves Extract Made without and with PEO Polymer. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16134510"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prestopino, G., Orsini, A., Barettin, D., Arrabito, G., Pignataro, B., and Medaglia, P.G. (2023). Vertically Aligned Nanowires and Quantum Dots: Promises and Results in Light Energy Harvesting. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16124297"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"2767","article-title":"Antimicrobial applications of nanotechnology: Methods and literature","volume":"7","author":"Seil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4020","DOI":"10.1021\/la104825u","article-title":"Size-dependent bacterial growth inhibition and mechanism of antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles","volume":"27","author":"Raghupathi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9395","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S216204","article-title":"Relationship between structure and antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles: An overview. Int","volume":"14","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-020-03418-6","article-title":"A review on enhancing the antibacterial activity of ZnO: Mechanisms and microscopic investigation","volume":"15","author":"Abebe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02149-10","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of zinc oxide nanoparticles against Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"77","author":"Xie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2017.07.033","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis, antiseptic activity and toxicity mechanism","volume":"249","author":"Krol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-015-0040-x","article-title":"Review on zinc oxide nanoparticles: Antibacterial activity and toxicity mechanism","volume":"7","author":"Sirelkhatim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4497","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2426","article-title":"The effects of nano-zinc oxide morphology on functional and antibacterial properties of tapioca starch bionanocomposite","volume":"9","author":"Tamimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12134-3","article-title":"ZnO size and shape effect on antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity profile","volume":"12","author":"Babayevska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2013.01.004","article-title":"Controllable synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their morphology-dependent antibacterial and optical properties","volume":"120","author":"Talebian","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2013.11.152","article-title":"Effect of surface modification and UVA photoactivation on antibacterial bioac tivity of zinc oxide powder","volume":"292","author":"Ann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"4261","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesis methods and its effect on morphology: A review","volume":"12","author":"Droepenu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1134\/S0020168522120135","article-title":"Effect of the alkaline agent nature on the microstructure and properties of zinc oxide prepared via precipitation method","volume":"58","author":"Sivtseva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inorg. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solidstatesciences.2014.02.008","article-title":"Simple chemical synthesis of novel ZnO nanostructures: Role of counter ions","volume":"30","author":"Pudukudy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Solid State Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2020.128654","article-title":"Sol gel synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their application as nano-composite electrode material for supercapacitor","volume":"1220","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CE01556F","article-title":"Hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanostructures with controllable morphology change","volume":"22","author":"Gerbreders","year":"2020","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.2174\/187221012800270180","article-title":"Recent progress in hydrothermal synthesis of zinc oxide nanomaterials","volume":"5","author":"Djurisic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2006.10.021","article-title":"Dependence of the microstructural properties of ZnO particles on their synthesis","volume":"448","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1002\/cplu.201600294","article-title":"Tuning the Redox Properties of the Nanostructured CoMoO4 Electrode: Effects of Surfactant Content and Synthesis Temperature","volume":"81","author":"Minakshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"ChemPlusChem"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-022-00252-y","article-title":"Shape-controlled synthesis of zinc nanostructures mediating macromolecules for biomedical applications","volume":"26","author":"Mousavi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomater. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.5285","article-title":"Novel Pluronic F-127-coated ZnO nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, and their in-vitro cytotoxicity evaluation","volume":"32","author":"Abuelsamen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Young, M., and Bao, X. (2010, January 21\u201324). The use of PEO-PPO-PEO block copolymers in the synthesis of ZnO via the hydrothermal method. Proceedings of the 2010 NSTI Nanotechnology Conference, Anaheim, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4-669","DOI":"10.1179\/1432891714Z.000000000766","article-title":"Zinc oxide nano-and micro-crystals synthesised by co-precipitation and hydrothermal process","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Innov."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davydov, A. (2003). Molecular Spectroscopy of Oxide Catalyst Surfaces, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470867981"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11743","DOI":"10.1039\/D0DT01871F","article-title":"Traditional salt-in-water electrolyte vs. waterin-salt electrolyte with binary metal oxide for symmetric supercapacitors: Capacitive vs. faradaic","volume":"49","author":"Appadoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1039\/f29817702059","article-title":"Infrared spectrum of microcrystalline zinc oxide. Electronic and vibrational contributions under different temperature and environmental conditions","volume":"77","author":"Boccuzzi","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrysgro.2005.04.053","article-title":"Infrared spectroscopy of polycrystalline ZnO and ZnO:N thin films","volume":"281","author":"Keyes","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9517(78)90288-9","article-title":"Infrared study of ZnO surface properties. I. Hydrogen and deuterium chemisorption at room temperature","volume":"51","author":"Boccuzzi","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Nakamoto, K. (1986). Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds, John Wiley & Sons Ltd."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Nakanishi, K. (1962). Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy. Practical, Nankodo Company Ltd."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2005.12.052","article-title":"PEG-assisted synthesis of ZnO nanotubes","volume":"60","author":"Duan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klingshirn, C.F., and Waag, A. (2010). Zinc Oxide: From Fundamental Properties towards Novel Applications, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-10577-7"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-006-9150-1","article-title":"Investigation into the antibacterial behaviour of suspensions of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO nanofluids)","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2009.04303.x","article-title":"Antibacterial activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles against Escherichia coli O157:H7","volume":"107","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/13\/18\/2537\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:48:45Z","timestamp":1760129325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/13\/18\/2537"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nano13182537"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano13182537","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]}}}