{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:16:27Z","timestamp":1790813787749,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Centre Poland","award":["Grant no. 2022\/47\/O\/NZ7\/00925"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant no. 2022\/47\/O\/NZ7\/00925"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many purine derivatives are active pharmaceutical ingredients of significant importance in the therapy of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and viral infections. In many cases, their medical use is limited due to unfavorable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. These problems can be overcome by the preparation of the prodrugs of purines or by combining these compounds with nanoparticles. Herein, we aim to review the scientific progress and perspectives for polymer-based nanoparticles as drug delivery systems for purines. Polymeric nanoparticles turned out to have the potential to augment antiviral and antiproliferative effects of purine derivatives by specific binding to receptors (ASGR1\u2014liver, macrophage mannose receptor), increase in drug retention (in eye, intestines, and vagina), and permeation (intranasal to brain delivery, PEPT1 transport of acyclovir). The most significant achievements of polymer-based nanoparticles as drug delivery systems for purines were found for tenofovir disoproxil in protection against HIV, for acyclovir against HSV, for 6-mercaptopurine in prolongation of mice ALL model life, as well as for 6-thioguanine for increased efficacy of adoptively transferred T cells. Moreover, nanocarriers were able to diminish the toxic effects of acyclovir, didanosine, cladribine, tenofovir, 6-mercaptopurine, and 6-thioguanine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13192647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T08:55:01Z","timestamp":1695718501000},"page":"2647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Polymer-Based Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems for Purines of Established Importance in Medicine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6065-852X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Szyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Czarczynska-Goslinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3583-0752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz T.","family":"Mlynarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0101-9216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"\u015alusarska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Geriatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7587-2626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Kocki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0502-9932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Ziegler-Borowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5705-5414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Goslinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Brunton, L.L., Knollmann, B.C., and Hilal-Dandan, R. 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