{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T17:42:58Z","timestamp":1792518178192,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2013Brasil (CAPES)-PRINT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88887.310339\/2018-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.310339\/2018-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2013Brasil (CAPES)-PRINT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["181009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["181009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Mackenzie Research Fund","award":["88887.310339\/2018-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.310339\/2018-00"]}]},{"name":"Mackenzie Research Fund","award":["181009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["181009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nanofluids based on vegetal oil with different wt.% of carbon nanotubes (CNT), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), and its hybrid (h-BN@CNT) were produced to investigate the effects of these nano-additives on the thermal conductivity and rheological properties of nanofluids. Stable suspensions of these oil\/nanostructures were produced without the use of stabilizing agents. The dispersed nanostructures were investigated by SEM, EDS, XRD, and XPS, while the thermal conductivity and rheological characteristics were studied by a transient hot-wire method and steady-state flow tests, respectively. Increases in thermal conductivity of up to 39% were observed for fluids produced with 0.5 wt.% of the hybrid nanomaterials. As for the rheological properties, it was verified that both the base fluid and the h-BN suspensions exhibited Newtonian behavior, while the presence of CNT modified this tendency. This change in behavior is attributed to the hydrophobic character of both CNT and the base oil, while h-BN nanostructures have lip-lip \u201cbonds\u201d, giving it a partial ionic character. However, the combination of these nanostructures was fundamental for the synergistic effect on the increase of thermal conductivity with respect to their counterparts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13202739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T06:14:04Z","timestamp":1696918444000},"page":"2739","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Thermal Transport and Rheological Properties of Hybrid Nanofluids Based on Vegetable Lubricants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5489-1927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9lio","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics and Engineering Systems, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley\u2014UTRGV, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA"},{"name":"Engineering School, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Rua da Consola\u00e7\u00e3o 896, S\u00e3o Paulo 01302-907, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6781-9414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Jaime","family":"Taha-Tijerina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics and Engineering Systems, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley\u2014UTRGV, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ofelia","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley\u2014UTRGV, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ever","family":"Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley\u2014UTRGV, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7933-9629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel M.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering School, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Rua da Consola\u00e7\u00e3o 896, S\u00e3o Paulo 01302-907, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies\u2014MackGraphe, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, S\u00e3o Paulo 01302-907, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena R. C.","family":"Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Mechanical Engineering, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Rio de Janeiro, Cat\u00f3lica do Rio de Janeiro 22453-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilhermino J. M.","family":"Fechine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering School, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Rua da Consola\u00e7\u00e3o 896, S\u00e3o Paulo 01302-907, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies\u2014MackGraphe, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, S\u00e3o Paulo 01302-907, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6902-8269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo J. E.","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering School, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Rua da Consola\u00e7\u00e3o 896, S\u00e3o Paulo 01302-907, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies\u2014MackGraphe, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, S\u00e3o Paulo 01302-907, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jefferson","family":"Reinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley\u2014UTRGV, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4676-1337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Padilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley\u2014UTRGV, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6676-8632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley\u2014UTRGV, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taha-Tijerina, J., Ribeiro, H., Avi\u00f1a, K., Mart\u00ednez, J.M., Godoy, A.P., Cremonezzi, J.M.d.O., Luciano, M.A., Gimenes Benega, M.A., Andrade, R.J.E., and Fechine, G.J.M. (2020). Thermal Conductivity Performance of 2D h-BN\/MoS2\/-Hybrid Nanostructures Used on Natural and Synthetic Esters. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10061160"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40295","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA07155H","article-title":"Carbon nanotubes of oil fly ash as lubricant additives for different base oils and their tribology performance","volume":"7","author":"Salah","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1021\/nn203862p","article-title":"Electrically Insulating Thermal Nano-Oils Using 2D Fillers","volume":"6","author":"Narayanan","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taha-Tijerina, J.J., Avi\u00f1a, K., Ulloa-Castillo, N.A., and Melo-Maximo, D.V. (2023). Thermal Transport and Physical Characteristics of Silver-Reinforced Biodegradable Nanolubricant. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15118795"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, A.R., Silva, S.S., and Reis, R.L. (2022). Challenges and opportunities on vegetable oils derived systems for biomedical applications. Biomater. Adv., 134.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2022.112720"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12216","DOI":"10.1002\/eng2.12216","article-title":"Effects of hexagonal boron nitride based nanofluid on the tribological and performance, emission characteristics of a diesel engine: An experimental study","volume":"2","author":"Ramteke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101589","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202101589","article-title":"Structure, Properties and Applications of Two-Dimensional Hexagonal Boron Nitride","volume":"33","author":"Roy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"235","article-title":"Surface Modified Carbon Nanotubes in Corrosion Protection","volume":"Volume 1424","author":"Thakur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surface Modified Carbon Nanotubes Volume 1: Fundamentals, Synthesis and Recent Trends"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.27213","article-title":"From two-dimensional materials to polymer nanocomposites with emerging multifunctional applications: A critical review","volume":"44","author":"Pinto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46560","DOI":"10.1002\/app.46560","article-title":"Enhanced thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of hybrid MoS2\/h-BN polyurethane nanocomposites","volume":"135","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, S., Sobhan, C.B., Taha-Tijerina, J., Narayanan, T.N., and Ajayan, P.M. (2012, January 9\u201315). Investigations on Transient Natural Convection in Boron Nitride-Mineral Oil Nanofluid Systems. Proceedings of the ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Houston, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1115\/IMECE2012-87420"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"356","article-title":"Thermal Transport Effects of h-BN 2D-Nanosheet Reinforced Fluids: A Molecular Dynamics and Experimental Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Kochandra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2022.167303","article-title":"Boron nitride nanosheets: Large-scale exfoliation in NaOH-LiCl solution and their highly thermoconductive insulating nanocomposite paper with PI via electrospinning-electrospraying","volume":"930","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114307","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2193161","article-title":"Thermal and rheological properties of carbon nanotube-in-oil dispersions","volume":"99","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.1515\/ntrev-2022-0486","article-title":"Analysis of pure nanofluid (GO\/engine oil) and hybrid nanofluid (GO\u2013Fe3O4\/engine oil): Novel thermal and magnetic features","volume":"11","author":"Ahmad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wanatasanappan, V.V., Rezman, M., and Abdullah, M.Z. (2022). Thermophysical Properties of Vegetable Oil-Based Hybrid Nanofluids Containing Al2O3-TiO2 Nanoparticles as Insulation Oil for Power Transformers. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12203621"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2017.03.008","article-title":"Thermo-physical properties of hybrid nanofluids and hybrid nanolubricants: A comprehensive review on performance","volume":"83","author":"Nabil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2016.09.024","article-title":"Experimental study on thermal conductivity of ethylene glycol containing hybrid nano-additives and development of a new correlation","volume":"110","author":"Afrand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, D.-K., Yoo, J., Kim, H., Kang, B.-H., and Park, S.-H. (2022). Electrical and Thermal Properties of Carbon Nanotube Polymer Composites with Various Aspect Ratios. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15041356"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaav0129","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aav0129","article-title":"High thermal conductivity of high-quality monolayer boron nitride and its thermal expansion","volume":"5","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1049\/hve2.12017","article-title":"Exponentially reduced carrier mobility of natural ester via blocking effect of 2D hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"High Volt."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100766","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202100766","article-title":"Growth of Graphene Nanoflakes\/h-BN Heterostructures","volume":"8","author":"Hooshmand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2016.09.064","article-title":"Diamond\/carbon nanotube composites: Raman, FTIR and XPS spectroscopic studies","volume":"111","author":"Varga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40580-014-0034-2","article-title":"X-ray generation using carbon nanotubes","volume":"2","author":"Parmee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano Converg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/17515831.2020.1785233","article-title":"An overall review on the tribological, thermal and rheological properties of nanolubricants","volume":"15","author":"Shafi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tribol.-Mater. Surf. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasmin, H., Giwa, S.O., Noor, S., and Aybar, H.\u015e. (2023). Reproduction of Nanofluid Synthesis, Thermal Properties and Experiments in Engineering: A Research Paradigm Shift. Energies, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/en16031145"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apmann, K., Fulmer, R., Scherer, B., Good, S., Wohld, J., and Vafaei, S. (2022). Nanofluid Heat Transfer: Enhancement of the Heat Transfer Coefficient inside Microchannels. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12040615"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1515\/zpch-1929-14502","article-title":"\u00dcber die Viskosit\u00e4t und Elastizit\u00e4t von Solen","volume":"145A","author":"Rabinowitsch","year":"1929","journal-title":"Z. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1177\/00037028211062239","article-title":"Investigating the Design and Implementation of an In-Line Near-Infrared Probe Using Computational Fluid Dynamics for Measurement of Non-Newtonian Fluids","volume":"76","author":"Haroon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.10.158","article-title":"An integrated strategy towards the high-yield fabrication of soluble boron nitride nanosheets","volume":"360","author":"E","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trujillo de Santiago, G., de Gante, C., Garca-Lara, S., Ballesc-Estrada, A., and Alvarez, M. (2014). Studying Mixing in Non-Newtonian Blue Maize Flour Suspension Using Color Analysis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112954"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"048302","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.92.048302","article-title":"Elastic Flow Instability in Nanotube Suspensions","volume":"92","author":"Pathak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s00397-009-0354-z","article-title":"Elongational and shear rheology of carbon nanotube suspensions","volume":"48","author":"Tiwari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheol. Acta"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2022.111311","article-title":"Multifunctional hexagonal boron nitride dispersions based in xanthan gum for use in drilling fluids","volume":"221","author":"Soares","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geoenergy Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.05.021","article-title":"Thermal conductivity of hybrid nanofluids: A critical review","volume":"126","author":"Sajid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/13\/20\/2739\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:04:11Z","timestamp":1760130251000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/13\/20\/2739"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nano13202739"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano13202739","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]]}}}