{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:20:30Z","timestamp":1792092030042,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21878024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21878024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018479-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018479-14"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L2020004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L2020004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LJKZZ20220117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LJKZZ20220117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Innovation Team Project of Liaoning Province","award":["21878024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21878024"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Team Project of Liaoning Province","award":["2018479-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018479-14"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Team Project of Liaoning Province","award":["L2020004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L2020004"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Team Project of Liaoning Province","award":["LJKZZ20220117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LJKZZ20220117"]}]},{"name":"Project of Education Department of Liaoning Province","award":["21878024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21878024"]}]},{"name":"Project of Education Department of Liaoning Province","award":["2018479-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018479-14"]}]},{"name":"Project of Education Department of Liaoning Province","award":["L2020004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L2020004"]}]},{"name":"Project of Education Department of Liaoning Province","award":["LJKZZ20220117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LJKZZ20220117"]}]},{"name":"Liaoning Provincial Education Department Key Research Project","award":["21878024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21878024"]}]},{"name":"Liaoning Provincial Education Department Key Research Project","award":["2018479-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018479-14"]}]},{"name":"Liaoning Provincial Education Department Key Research Project","award":["L2020004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L2020004"]}]},{"name":"Liaoning Provincial Education Department Key Research Project","award":["LJKZZ20220117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LJKZZ20220117"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the depletion of fossil fuels, the demand for renewable energy has increased, thus stimulating the development of novel materials for energy conversion devices such as fuel cells. In this work, nickel nanoparticles loaded on reduced graphene oxide (Ni\/rGO) with small size and good dispersibility were successfully prepared by controlling the pyrolysis temperature of the precursor at 450 \u00b0C, assisted by a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method, and exhibited enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Additionally, the electron enrichment on Ni NPs was due to charge transfer from the rGO support to metal nickel, as evidenced by both experimental and theoretical studies. Metal\u2013support interactions between nickel and the rGO support also facilitated charge transfer, contributing to the enhanced ORR performance of the composite material. DFT calculations revealed that the first step (from O2 to HOO*) was the rate-determining step with an RDS energy barrier lower than that of the Pt(111), indicating favorable ORR kinetics. The HOO* intermediates can be transferred onto rGO by the solid-phase spillover effect, which reduces the chemical adsorption on the nickel surface, thereby allowing continuous regeneration of active nickel sites. The HO2\u2212 intermediates generated on the surface of rGO by 2e\u2212 reduction can also efficiently diffuse towards the nearby Ni surface or the interface of Ni\/rGO, where they can be further rapidly reduced to OH\u2212. This mechanism acts as the pseudo-four-electron path on the RRDE. Furthermore, Ni\/rGO-450 demonstrated superior stability, methanol tolerance, and durability compared to a 20 wt% Pt\/C catalyst, making it a cost-effective alternative to conventional noble metal ORR catalysts for fuel cells or metal\u2013air batteries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13243087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T11:27:06Z","timestamp":1701775626000},"page":"3087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Facile Fabrication of Nickel Supported on Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite for Oxygen Reduction Reaction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yanan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8765-0214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianhua","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Petrochemical Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun 113001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junhua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Petrochemical Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun 113001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinjuan","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Petrochemical Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun 113001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning Key Laboratory for Surface Functionalization of Titanium Dioxide Powder, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2023.05.052","article-title":"Review of exergy and energy analysis of fuel cells","volume":"48","author":"Nanadegani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2019.153322","article-title":"Ultrahigh electrocatalytic activity and durability of bimetallic Au@Ni core-shell nanoparticles supported on rGO for methanol oxidation reaction in alkaline electrolyte","volume":"822","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2022.128688","article-title":"Construction of Ag\/3D-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite with advanced catalytic capacity for 4-nitrophenol and methylene blue","volume":"650","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Colloid Surf. A"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5353","DOI":"10.1039\/D3MA00540B","article-title":"Cu\/Fe embedded N-doped carbon as a highly durable oxygen reduction electrocatalyst","volume":"4","author":"Habib","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6314","DOI":"10.1039\/D3CC00712J","article-title":"Emerging covalent triazine framework-based nanomaterials for electrochemical energy storage and conversion","volume":"59","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13478","DOI":"10.1039\/D3CC04435A","article-title":"High-entropy oxides as photocatalysts for organic conversion","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14515","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.9b06482","article-title":"Highly active and stable metal single-atom catalysts achieved by strong electronic metal\u2013support interactions","volume":"141","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, J., Wang, S., Xi, P., Zhang, X., Zhu, X., Wang, H., and Huang, T. (2023). Reduced Graphene Oxide-Supported Iron-Cobalt Alloys as High-Performance Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction. Nanomaterials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13192735"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17832","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202016977","article-title":"Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts toward Practical Fuel Cells: Progress and Perspectives","volume":"60","author":"Zaman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmaterialslett.1c00266","article-title":"Engineering the electronic interaction between metals and carbon supports for oxygen\/hydrogen electrocatalysis","volume":"3","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2022.153786","article-title":"Nitrogen-doped carbon spheres with precisely-constructed pyridinic-N active sites for efficient oxygen reduction","volume":"598","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Artchuea, T., Srikhaow, A., Sriprachuabwong, C., Tuantranont, A., Tang, I.-M., and Pon-On, W. (2022). Copper zinc sulfide (CuZnS) quantum dot-decorated (NiCo)-S\/conductive carbon matrix as the cathode for Li-S batteries. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12142403"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2022.100737","article-title":"Pd supported on defective TiO2 polymorphic mixtures: Effect of metal-support interactions upon glycerol selective oxidation","volume":"16","author":"Rinaudo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arif, M., Bilal, S., and Shah, A.u.H.A. (2022). Fabrication and Integration of Functionalized N-rGO-Ni\/Ag and N-rGO-Ni\/Co Nanocomposites as Synergistic Oxygen Electrocatalysts in Fuel Cells. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12040585"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramirez-Barria, C.S., Fernandes, D.M., Freire, C., Villaro-Abalos, E., Guerrero-Ruiz, A., and Rodr\u00edguez-Ramos, I. (2019). Upgrading the Properties of Reduced Graphene Oxide and Nitrogen-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide Produced by Thermal Reduction toward Efficient ORR Electrocatalysts. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9121761"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trechm.2022.07.007","article-title":"Carbon-based catalyst supports for oxygen reduction in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells","volume":"4","author":"Zaman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01134-x","article-title":"Probing dopant segregation in distinct cation sites at perovskite oxide polycrystal interfaces","volume":"8","author":"Yoon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadh1320","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adh1320","article-title":"Atomically dispersed Ni activates adjacent Ce sites for enhanced electrocatalytic oxygen evolution activity","volume":"9","author":"Pei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2019.06.006","article-title":"Catalytic effect of Ni@rGO on the hydrogen storage properties of MgH2","volume":"8","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2021.100258","article-title":"Green synthesis of hierarchical porous carbon prepared from coconut lumber sawdust as Ni-based catalyst support for hydrotreating Callophyllum inophyllum oil","volume":"11","author":"Trisunaryanti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3639","DOI":"10.1002\/cctc.201500666","article-title":"Probing the metal\u2013support interaction in carbon-supported catalysts by using electron microscopy","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ChemCatChem"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131369","article-title":"A one step synthesis of hybrid Fe\/Ni-rGO using green tea extract for the removal of mixed contaminants","volume":"284","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8980","DOI":"10.1021\/la0208777","article-title":"Effects of carboxylic acids on the crystal growth of calcium oxalate nanoparticles in lecithin\u2212water liposome systems","volume":"19","author":"Ouyang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2021.115259","article-title":"Reduction-based engineering of three-dimensional morphology of Ni-rGO nanocomposite","volume":"271","author":"Alinejadian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mat. Sci. Eng. B"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mssp.2022.107259","article-title":"Fabrication of interface-engineered Ni\/NiO\/rGO nanobush for highly efficient and durable oxygen reduction","volume":"156","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mat. Sci. Semicon. Proc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2022.100871","article-title":"Development and evaluation of cost-effective and green Bi-functional nickel oxide decorated graphene electrocatalysts for alkaline fuel cells","volume":"17","author":"Elessawy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2023.101333","article-title":"Thermocatalytic partial oxidation of methane to syngas (H2, CO) production using Ni\/La2O3 modified biomass fly ash supported catalyst","volume":"19","author":"Hasanat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37774","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA08235A","article-title":"A facile synthesis methodology for preparation of Ag\u2013Ni-reduced graphene oxide: A magnetically separable versatile nanocatalyst for multiple organic reactions and density functional study of its electronic structures","volume":"8","author":"Chandel","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2021.122926","article-title":"Highly dispersed active sites of Ni nanoparticles onto hierarchical reduced graphene oxide architecture towards efficient water oxidation","volume":"312","author":"Zeenat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2021.150212","article-title":"Self-assembly sandwich-like Fe, Co, or Ni nanoparticles\/reduced graphene oxide composites with excellent microwave absorption performance","volume":"562","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2014.01.005","article-title":"Solvothermal synthesis of Ni\/reduced graphene oxide composites as electrode material for supercapacitors","volume":"123","author":"Niu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2018.06.008","article-title":"A study of ordered mesoporous carbon doped with Co and Ni as a catalyst of oxygen reduction reaction in both alkaline and acidic media","volume":"349","author":"Gavrilov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125520","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/ab5816","article-title":"Self-assembled nickel anchored reduced graphene oxide hybrids: Synergistic performance of electro-catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in non-aqueous medium","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2021.160791","article-title":"Fabrication of ZnO\/NiO:rGO coated Ni foam binder-free electrode via hydrothermal method for supercapacitor application","volume":"883","author":"Arunpandiyan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2014.09.031","article-title":"Template-free synthesis of \u03b1-Ni(OH)2 hollow microspheres with flower-like morphology for high-performance supercapacitors","volume":"60","author":"Tao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2023.112250","article-title":"Core@shell Ti3C2Tx@Ni particles with enhanced microwave absorption properties and prolonged stability","volume":"164","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2007.01.035","article-title":"Sintering and grain growth kinetics of ball milled nanocrystalline nickel powder","volume":"460\u2013461","author":"Panigrahi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mat. Sci. Eng. A Struct."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrysgro.2009.04.017","article-title":"Effects of ammonium citrate additive on crystal morphology of aluminum phosphate ammonium taranakite","volume":"311","author":"Wei","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.10.019","article-title":"Unveiling the hydrodechlorination of trichloroethylene by reduced graphene oxide supported bimetallic Fe\/Ni nanoparticles","volume":"334","author":"Sahu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2020.125942","article-title":"Robust nickel-reduced graphene oxide-myristic acid superhydrophobic coating on carbon steel using electrochemical codeposition and its corrosion resistance","volume":"397","author":"Jena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2018.11.002","article-title":"Nickel induced in situ growth of nickel hydroxide nanoflakes on reduced graphite oxide with high energy and power density","volume":"537","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2017.11.048","article-title":"AuNi alloy nanoparticles supported on reduced graphene oxide as highly efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution and oxygen reduction reactions","volume":"43","author":"Darabdhara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13072","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA03458J","article-title":"Template-free synthesis of hollow Ni\/reduced graphene oxide composite for efficient H2 evolution","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2019.03.048","article-title":"In-situ synthesis of carbon-encapsulated Ni nanoparticles decorated graphene nanosheets with high reactivity toward glucose oxidation and sensing","volume":"148","author":"Hao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mssp.2021.105922","article-title":"Preparation of TiO2\/Sb\u2013SnO2 composite by a polymer pyrolysis method for conducting fillers","volume":"133","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mat. Sci. Semicon. Proc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.128744","article-title":"Stepwise dechlorination of chlorinated alkenes on an Fe-Ni\/rGO\/Ni foam cathode: Product control by one-electron-transfer reactions","volume":"433","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1021\/ja3089923","article-title":"Strongly coupled inorganic\/nanocarbon hybrid materials for advanced electrocatalysis","volume":"135","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2020.03.043","article-title":"Atomically dispersed Ni\/NixSy anchored on doped mesoporous networked carbon framework: Boosting the ORR performance in alkaline and acidic media","volume":"571","author":"Tyagi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Xing, W., Yin, G., and Zhang, J. (2014). Rotating Electrode Methods and Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2020.126048","article-title":"Multi-porous NiAg-doped Pd alloy nanoparticles immobilized on reduced graphene oxide\/CoMoO4 composites as a highly active electrocatalyst for direct alcohol fuel cell","volume":"614","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloid Surf. A"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2019.03.007","article-title":"A 3D porous Ni-Zn\/RGO catalyst with superaerophobic surface for high-performance hydrazine electrooxidation","volume":"788","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2023.130988","article-title":"High-performance Co-N-C catalyst derived from PS@ZIF-8 @ZIF-67 for improved oxygen reduction reaction","volume":"663","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Colloid Surf. A"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2022.100767","article-title":"Silicon-doped niobium suboxide (NbOS): A fuel cell electrocatalyst support with enhanced conductivity and corrosion-resistance","volume":"16","author":"Melino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3498","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.8b04943","article-title":"Flowerlike Ag-supported Ce-doped Mn3O4 nanosheet heterostructure for a highly efficient oxygen reduction reaction: Roles of metal oxides in Ag surface states","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3094","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.0c04473","article-title":"Perovskite oxide based electrodes for the oxygen reduction and evolution reactions: The underlying mechanism","volume":"11","author":"Beall","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3327","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CP06268D","article-title":"Decoupling the roles of carbon and metal oxides on the electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen on La1\u2212xSrxCoO3\u2212\u03b4 perovskite composite electrodes","volume":"21","author":"Mefford","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51222","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c15769","article-title":"Oxygen spillover effect at Cu\/Fe2O3 heterointerfaces to enhance oxygen electrocatalytic reactions for rechargeable Zn\u2013Air batteries. ACS Appl","volume":"14","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17886","DOI":"10.1021\/jp047349j","article-title":"Origin of the overpotential for oxygen reduction at a fuel-cell cathode","volume":"108","author":"Rossmeisl","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2010.02.056","article-title":"The oxygen reduction reaction mechanism on Pt(111) from density functional theory calculations","volume":"55","author":"Siahrostami","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1007\/s11705-020-2017-7","article-title":"Probing the catalytic activity of M-N4\u2212xOx embedded graphene for the oxygen reduction reaction by density functional theory","volume":"15","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Chem. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2022.101119","article-title":"Metal\u2013carbon interaction in metal nanoparticles and implication in the electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction","volume":"36","author":"Durante","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.47.558","article-title":"Ab initio molecular dynamics for liquid metals","volume":"47","author":"Kresse","year":"1993","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.59.1758","article-title":"From ultrasoft pseudopotentials to the projector augmented-wave method","volume":"59","author":"Kresse","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3865","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.77.3865","article-title":"Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple","volume":"77","author":"Perdew","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2019.03.215","article-title":"Synthesis of high performing Cu0.31Ni0.69O\/rGO hybrid for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline medium","volume":"44","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10008-019-04477-1","article-title":"A simple microwave process for the preparation of cobalt oxide nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes for electrocatalytic applications","volume":"24","author":"Nassr","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Solid State Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950132","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793292019501327","article-title":"Novel flower-like CuO\/N-rGO as enhanced electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2014.05.019","article-title":"Co\/Co3O4\/C\u2013N, a novel nanostructure and excellent catalytic system for the oxygen reduction reaction","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nano Energy"}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/13\/24\/3087\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:33:46Z","timestamp":1760132026000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/13\/24\/3087"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nano13243087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano13243087","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]}}}