{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:44:46Z","timestamp":1760150686994,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"ICT R&amp;D program of MSIT\/IITP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-0-00219","2020R1I1A3071693","2021R1I1A3049028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-0-00219","2020R1I1A3071693","2021R1I1A3049028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-0-00219","2020R1I1A3071693","2021R1I1A3049028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-0-00219","2020R1I1A3071693","2021R1I1A3049028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To generate a stable and effective air\u2013liquid discharge in an open atmosphere, we investigated the effect of the dielectric barrier on the discharge between the pin electrode and liquid surface in an atmospheric-pressure plasma reactor. The atmospheric-pressure plasma reactor used in this study was based on a pin\u2013plate discharge structure, and a metal wire was used as a pin-type power electrode. A plate-type ground electrode was placed above and below the vessel to compare the pin\u2013liquid discharge and pin\u2013liquid barrier discharge (PLBD). The results indicated that the PLBD configuration utilizing the bottom of the vessel as a dielectric barrier outperformed the pin\u2013liquid setup in terms of the discharge stability and that the concentration of reactive species was different in the two plasma modes. PLBD can be used as a digestion technique for determining the phosphorus concentration in natural water sources. The method for decomposing phosphorus compounds by employing PLBD exhibited excellent decomposition performance, similar to the performance of thermochemical digestion\u2014an established conventional method for phosphorus detection in water. The PLBD structure can replace the conventional chemical-agent-based digestion method for determining the total dissolved phosphorus concentration using the ascorbic acid reduction method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14010040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T08:53:01Z","timestamp":1703235181000},"page":"40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Dielectric Barrier on Water Activation and Phosphorus Compound Digestion in Gas\u2013Liquid Discharges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ye Rin","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9442-2906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Do Yeob","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Superintelligence Creative Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1679-5736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Da Hye","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gyu Tae","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyojun","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4884-3301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joo Young","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nano-Bio Convergence, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon 51508, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunghoon","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nano-Bio Convergence, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon 51508, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4760-259X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun Young","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"The Institute of Electronic Technology, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Choon-Sang","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Milligan University, Johnson City, TN 37682, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2420-8063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyung-Kun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Superintelligence Creative Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heung-Sik","family":"Tae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"053002","DOI":"10.1088\/0963-0252\/25\/5\/053002","article-title":"Plasma\u2013liquid interactions: A review and roadmap","volume":"25","author":"Bruggeman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plasma Sources Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2015.03.059","article-title":"Plasma-based water treatment: Conception and application of a new general principle for reactor design","volume":"273","author":"Stratton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2007.913928","article-title":"Inactivation of aquatic microorganisms by low-frequency AC discharges","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32603","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32603","article-title":"Effects of atmospheric-pressure N2, He, Air, and O2 microplasmas on mung bean seed germination and seedling growth","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rezaei, F., Vanraes, P., Nikiforov, A., Morent, R., and De Geyter, N. (2019). Applications of plasma-liquid systems: A review. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12172751"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143301","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0114274","article-title":"A gas\u2013liquid discharge reactor for water disinfection: Electrical properties and microbicidal effects on viruses and bacteria","volume":"132","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.1873","article-title":"Advanced oxidation processes for water treatment: Advances and trends for R&D","volume":"83","author":"Comninellis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s40726-015-0015-z","article-title":"Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in wastewater treatment","volume":"1","author":"Deng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Pollut. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garrido-Cardenas, J.A., Esteban-Garc\u00eda, B., Ag\u00fcera, A., S\u00e1nchez-P\u00e9rez, J.A., and Manzano-Agugliaro, F. (2020). Wastewater treatment by advanced oxidation process and their worldwide research trends. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17010170"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.133002","article-title":"Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based wastewater treatment\u2014Unexpected nitration side reactions\u2014A serious environmental issue: A review","volume":"430","author":"Rayaroth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.5923\/j.ajee.20140403.03","article-title":"Advanced oxidation processes for wastewater treatment in the pulp and paper industry: A review","volume":"4","author":"Covinich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.03.042","article-title":"Evaluation of advanced oxidation processes for water and wastewater treatment\u2013A critical review","volume":"139","author":"Miklos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandis, P.K., Kalogirou, C., Kanellou, E., Vaitsis, C., Savvidou, M.G., Sourkouni, G., and Argirusis, C. (2022). Key points of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for wastewater, organic pollutants and pharmaceutical waste treatment: A mini review. ChemEngineering, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemengineering6010008"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2009.04.012","article-title":"Advanced oxidation process and biotreatment: Their roles in combined industrial wastewater treatment","volume":"250","author":"Mandal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.136205","article-title":"A comprehensive review on reactive oxygen species (ROS) in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs)","volume":"308","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2009.09.029","article-title":"An evaluation of a pilot-scale nonthermal plasma advanced oxidation process for trace organic compound degradation","volume":"44","author":"Gerrity","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2018.01.028","article-title":"In-liquid plasma. A stable light source for advanced oxidation processes in environmental remediation","volume":"147","author":"Tsuchida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bae, G.T., Jang, H.J., Jung, E.Y., Lee, Y.R., Park, C.-S., Kim, J.Y., and Tae, H.-S. (2022). Development of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet device using four-bore tubing and its applications of in-liquid material decomposition and solution plasma polymerization. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14224917"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"043002","DOI":"10.1116\/6.0002710","article-title":"Long and flexible atmospheric pressure plasma jet probes for operation in humid environments","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13151","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b03336","article-title":"Analysis of short-lived reactive species in plasma\u2013air\u2013water systems: The dos and the do nots","volume":"90","author":"Gorbanev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2014.105","article-title":"Non-thermal atmospheric-pressure plasma possible application in wound healing","volume":"22","author":"Haertel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2021.119173","article-title":"Quantification of reactive species generated in pulsed electrical discharge plasma reactor and its application for 17\u03b1-ethinylestradiol degradation in different water matrices","volume":"275","author":"Choudhary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"073502","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5030099","article-title":"Self-organized patterns by a DC pin liquid anode discharge in ambient air: Effect of liquid types on formation","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"083312","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3117223","article-title":"Anode pattern formation in atmospheric pressure air glow discharges with water anode","volume":"105","author":"Verreycken","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2018-0226","article-title":"Biological and medical application of plasma-activated media, water and solutions","volume":"400","author":"Kaushik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bae, G.T., Kim, J.Y., Kim, D.Y., Jung, E.Y., Jang, H.J., Park, C.-S., Jang, H., Lee, D.H., Lee, H.-K., and Tae, H.-S. (2021). Potential application of pin-to-liquid dielectric barrier discharge structure in decomposing aqueous phosphorus compounds for monitoring water quality. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14247559"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1021\/ic9022618","article-title":"Synthesis and reactivity of oxo-peroxo-vanadium (v) bipyridine compounds","volume":"49","author":"Waidmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"61","article-title":"Continuous flow analysis of phosphate in natural waters using hydrazine as a reductant","volume":"80","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s11090-017-9804-z","article-title":"Contact glow discharge electrolysis: A novel tool for manifold applications","volume":"37","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plasma Chem. Plasma Process."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/ab81cf","article-title":"Plasma-activated water: Generation, origin of reactive species and biological applications","volume":"53","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.14708","article-title":"Inactivation efficacy of plasma-activated water: Iinfluence of plasma treatment time, exposure time and bacterial species","volume":"56","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/ab795a","article-title":"Reactive nitrogen species in plasma-activated water: Generation, chemistry and application in agriculture","volume":"53","author":"Bradu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185207","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/ab703a","article-title":"The key reactive species in the bactericidal process of plasma activated water","volume":"53","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614684","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2020.614684","article-title":"Physicochemical properties of pure water treated by pure argon plasma jet generated by microwave discharge in opened atmosphere","volume":"8","author":"Sergeichev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Phys."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1852173","article-title":"A review on recent advances in plasma-activated water for food safety: Current applications and future trends","volume":"62","author":"Xiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physleta.2023.128832","article-title":"Selective generation of nitrate and nitrite in plasma activated water and its physicochemical parameters analysis","volume":"474","author":"Pandey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. A"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14677","article-title":"Inactivation efficacy and mechanisms of plasma activated water on bacteria in planktonic state","volume":"129","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800030","DOI":"10.1002\/ppap.201800030","article-title":"Specificity of detection methods of nitrites and ozone in aqueous solutions activated by air plasma","volume":"15","author":"Janda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plasma Process. Polym."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034002","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/aae807","article-title":"Chemical and antibacterial effects of plasma activated water: Correlation with gaseous and aqueous reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, plasma sources and air flow conditions","volume":"52","author":"Machala","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/S0082-0784(75)80372-9","article-title":"Nitrogen oxide formation in flames: The roles of NO2 and fuel nitrogen","volume":"15","author":"Merryman","year":"1975","journal-title":"Symp. (Int.) Combust."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600207","DOI":"10.1002\/ppap.201600207","article-title":"Achieving reactive species specificity within plasma-activated water through selective generation using air spark and glow discharges","volume":"14","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plasma Process. Polym."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5276","DOI":"10.1039\/C8GC02800A","article-title":"Cold atmospheric plasma activated water as a prospective disinfectant: The crucial role of peroxynitrite","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505202","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/47\/50\/505202","article-title":"Air spark-like plasma source for anti-microbial NOx generation","volume":"47","author":"Pavlovich","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125377","article-title":"Plasma-assisted advanced oxidation process by a multi-hole dielectric barrier discharge in water and its application to wastewater treatment","volume":"243","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cep.2013.06.008","article-title":"Treatment of 4-chlorobenzoic acid by plasma-based advanced oxidation processes","volume":"72","author":"Lesage","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Process."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10091","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c01138","article-title":"NH3 plasma functionalization of UiO-66-NH2 for highly enhanced selective fluorescence detection of U(VI) in water","volume":"94","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2017.06.012","article-title":"Kinetics of phosphorus desorption from calcareous soils using DGT technique","volume":"305","author":"Heidari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-265X(01)00097-2","article-title":"Microdetermination of phosphorus in organic materials from polymer industry by microwave-induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry after microwave digestion","volume":"70","author":"Jankowski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2004.06.031","article-title":"The effects of post-persulfate-digestion procedures on total phosphorus analysis in water","volume":"38","author":"Zhou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86477-8","article-title":"Ascorbate oxidation by iron, copper and reactive oxygen species: Review, model development, and derivation of key rate constants","volume":"11","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murekhina, A.E., Yarullin, D.N., Sovina, M.A., Kitaev, P.A., and Gamov, G.A. (2022). Copper (II)-catalyzed oxidation of ascorbic acid: Ionic strength effect and analytical use in aqueous solution. Inorganics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/inorganics10070102"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105422","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA21903E","article-title":"Significant enhancement of the electroactive \u03b2-phase of PVDF by incorporating hydrothermally synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles","volume":"5","author":"Dutta","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, B., Smita, K., Debut, A., and Cumbal, L. (2020). Andean sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) leaf-mediated synthesis of Cu2O nanoparticles: A low-cost approach. Bioengineering, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering7020054"}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/14\/1\/40\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:40:31Z","timestamp":1760132431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/14\/1\/40"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nano14010040"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano14010040","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-4991"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]}}}