{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T18:02:33Z","timestamp":1791482553583,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the influence of denture cleansers on the color, stability, and surface roughness of three-dimensional (3D)-printed denture base resins modified with zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-ZrO2). A total of 440 specimens were fabricated using one heat-polymerized resin, and two 3D-printed resins (NextDent and ASIGA). According to the nano-ZrO2 content, the specimens for each resin were divided into five groups (0%, 0.5%wt, 1%wt, 3%wt, and 5%wt). Each concentration was divided into four subgroups (n = 10) based on the immersion solution (distilled water, sodium hypochlorite, Corega, and Fittydent) and immersion duration (360 and 720 days). The color changes (\u2206E00) and surface roughness (Ra, \u00b5m) of each specimen were measured at different time intervals (base line, 360 days, 720 days) using a spectrophotometer and a non-contact profilometer, respectively. The results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and a post hoc Tukey\u2019s test (\u03b1 = 0.05). Sodium hypochlorite showed the highest significant color change of all the denture base resins (p &lt; 0.001). The average value of \u0394E00 for sodium hypochlorite was significantly higher than the values for the other solutions (Fittydent, Corega, and water) (p &lt; 0.001). Color stability was significantly affected by immersion time for all types of solutions except Corega (p &lt; 0.001). All of the tested immersion solutions (distilled water, sodium hypochlorite, Corega, and Fittydent) showed a significant increase in the surface roughness of all the denture base resins (p &lt; 0.05). Surface roughness was substantially increased by immersion time for all types of solution except Fittydent (p &lt; 0.001). Denture cleansers can result in substantial color change and affect the surface roughness of unmodified and nanoparticle-modified denture base resins. Therefore, the selection of denture cleanser and appropriate types of material is critical for denture longevity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14100891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T05:40:47Z","timestamp":1716270047000},"page":"891","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Nanoparticle-Modified 3D-Printed Denture Base Resins: Influence of Denture Cleansers on the Color Stability and Surface Roughness In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3193-2356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed M.","family":"Gad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2632-7207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulrahman","family":"Khattar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doha M.","family":"Alramadan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainab H.","family":"Al Dawood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujood S.","family":"Al Shehab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabab H.","family":"Al Zaher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Layal Osama","family":"Alzain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soban Q.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Education, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31411, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2885-9047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Y.","family":"Abdelfattah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, P.O. Box 31512, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.12649","article-title":"Impact of Denture Cleansing Solution Immersion on Some Properties of Different Denture Base Materials: An In Vitro Study","volume":"28","author":"Gad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gad, M.M., Abualsaud, R., Fouda, S.M., Rahoma, A., Al-Thobity, A.M., Khan, S.Q., Akhtar, S., Al-Abidi, K.S., Ali, M.S., and Al-Harbi, F.A. (2021). Color Stability and Surface Properties of PMMA\/ZrO2 Nanocomposite Denture Base Material after Using Denture Cleanser. Int. J. 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