{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T18:24:46Z","timestamp":1791570286021,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning","award":["20224000000080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20224000000080"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A composite material of tungsten carbide and mesoporous carbon was synthesized by the sol-gel polycondensation of resorcinol and formaldehyde, using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as a surfactant and Ludox HS-40 as a porogen, and served as a support for Pd-based electrodes. Phosphorus-modified Pd particles were deposited onto the support using an NH3-mediated polyol reduction method facilitated by sodium hypophosphite. Remarkably small Pd nanoparticles with a diameter of ca. 4 nm were formed by the phosphorus modification. Owing to the high dispersion of Pd and its strong interaction with tungsten carbide, the Pd nanoparticles embedded in the tungsten carbide\/mesoporous carbon composite exhibited a hydrogen oxidation activity approximately twice as high as that of the commercial Pt\/C catalyst under the anode reaction conditions of proton exchange membrane fuel cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14121024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T06:23:11Z","timestamp":1718259791000},"page":"1024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Phosphorus-Modified Palladium and Tungsten Carbide\/Mesoporous Carbon Composite for Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ganghong","family":"Bae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7120-0040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woo Jin","family":"Byun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5487-5393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2798-4105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeji","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Integrative Engineering for Hydrogen Safety, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7338-6715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duck Hyun","family":"Youn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Integrative Engineering for Hydrogen Safety, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3450","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.3c03214","article-title":"Transition Metal Carbides as Supports for Catalytic Metal Particles: Recent Progress and Opportunities","volume":"15","author":"Prats","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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