{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T06:22:35Z","timestamp":1770272555075,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003662","name":"Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology (KEIT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00257573"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00257573"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003662","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003662","name":"Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology (KEIT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24A01050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24A01050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003662","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003703","name":"Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI) primary research program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00257573"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00257573"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003703","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003703","name":"Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI) primary research program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24A01050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24A01050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003703","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The efficient dispersion of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) has been the subject of extensive research over the past decade. Despite these efforts, achieving individually dispersed SWCNTs at high concentrations remains challenging. In this study, we address the limitations associated with conventional methods, such as defect formation, excessive surfactant use, and the use of corrosive solvents. Our novel dispersion method utilizes the spontaneous charging of SWCNTs in a solvated electron system created by dissolving potassium in hexamethyl phosphoramide (HMPA). The resulting charged SWCNTs (c-SWCNTs) can be directly dispersed in the charging medium using only magnetic stirring, leading to defect-free c-SWCNT dispersions with high concentrations of up to 20 mg\/mL. The successful dispersion of individual c-SWCNT strands is confirmed by their liquid-crystalline behavior. Importantly, the dispersion medium for c-SWCNTs exhibits no reactivity with metals, polymers, or other organic solvents. This versatility enables a wide range of applications, including electrically conductive free-standing films produced via conventional blade coating, wet-spun fibers, membrane electrodes, thermal composites, and core-shell hybrid microparticles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14131094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T05:03:07Z","timestamp":1719378187000},"page":"1094","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Ultra-Mild Fabrication of Highly Concentrated SWCNT Dispersion Using Spontaneous Charging in Solvated Electron System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8909-3898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junho","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano Hybrid Technology Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), Changwon 51543, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"School of Material Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jung Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano Hybrid Technology Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), Changwon 51543, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jungeun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano Hybrid Technology Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), Changwon 51543, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sangyong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano Hybrid Technology Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), Changwon 51543, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4850-2566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong Hwan","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano Hybrid Technology Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), Changwon 51543, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung Yol","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano Hybrid Technology Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), Changwon 51543, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hee Jin","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano Hybrid Technology Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), Changwon 51543, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joong Tark","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano Hybrid Technology Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), Changwon 51543, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seon Hee","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano Hybrid Technology Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), Changwon 51543, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8786-0251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seoung-Ki","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Material Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2612-8558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jungmo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano Hybrid Technology Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), Changwon 51543, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2009.09.003","article-title":"Carbon Nanotube\u2013Polymer Composites: Chemistry, Processing, Mechanical and Electrical Properties","volume":"35","author":"Spitalsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. 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