{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T23:14:20Z","timestamp":1789600460485,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DTS20\/00131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DTS20\/00131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In breast cancer, Targeted Axillary Dissection (TAD) allows for the selective excision of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) during primary tumor surgery. TAD consists of the resection of labelled SLNs prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). Numerous clinical and preclinical studies have explored the use of carbon-based colloids for SLN tattooing prior to NACT. However, carbon vectors show varying degrees of inflammatory reactions and, in about one fifth of cases, carbon particles migrate via the lymphatic pathway to other nodes, causing the SLN to mismatch the tattooed node. To overcome these limitations, in this study, we explored the use of melanin as a staining endogenous pigment. We synthesized and characterized melanin-loaded polymeric nanoparticles (Mel-NPs) and used them to tattoo lymph nodes in pig animal models given the similarity in the size of the human and pig nodes. Mel-NPs tattooed lymph nodes showed high identification rates, reaching 83.3% positive identification 16 weeks after tattooing. We did not observe any reduction in the identification as time increased, implying that the colloid is stable in the lymph node tissue. In addition, we performed histological and ultrastructural studies to characterize the biological behavior of the tag. We observed foreign-body-like granulomatous inflammatory responses associated with Mel-NPs, characterized by the formation of multinucleated giant cells. In addition, electron microscopy studies showed that uptake is mainly performed by macrophages, and that macrophages undergo cellular damage associated with particle uptake.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14131149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T06:28:54Z","timestamp":1720074534000},"page":"1149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Melanin-Based Nanoparticles for Lymph Node Tattooing: Experimental, Histopathological and Ultrastructural Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Baselga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Arag\u00f3n), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"G\u00fcemes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Arag\u00f3n), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1505-498X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Yus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Arag\u00f3n), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragon, CSIC\u2014University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Campus R\u00edo Ebro, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Alejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Arag\u00f3n), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragon, CSIC\u2014University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Campus R\u00edo Ebro, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6873-5244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Sebasti\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Arag\u00f3n), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragon, CSIC\u2014University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Campus R\u00edo Ebro, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dolores","family":"Arribas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Arag\u00f3n), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2293-363X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gracia","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Arag\u00f3n), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Monle\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Arag\u00f3n), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Encefalopat\u00edas y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3165-0156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Arruebo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Arag\u00f3n), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragon, CSIC\u2014University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Campus R\u00edo Ebro, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17038","article-title":"Metastatic Colonization by Circulating Tumour Cells","volume":"529","author":"Obenauf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"American Cancer Society Breast Cancer (2024, March 07). 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