{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:08:11Z","timestamp":1792789691267,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture of Taiwan","award":["106AS-19.3.2-ST-a3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106AS-19.3.2-ST-a3"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture of Taiwan","award":["107AS-15.4.2-ST-a1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107AS-15.4.2-ST-a1"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture of Taiwan","award":["108AS-14.3.3-ST-a1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108AS-14.3.3-ST-a1"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture of Taiwan","award":["109AS-12.3.3-ST-a1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109AS-12.3.3-ST-a1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) demonstrates favorable biological activity, cell adhesion, cell proliferation, and osteoconductivity, making it highly valuable in biomedicine. It is extensively used as a bone substitute and in bone transplantation within the dental and orthopedic fields. This study employed oyster shells as a calcium source to synthesize nHA at 150 \u00b0C with various hydrothermal reaction durations (10 min, 1 h, 6 h, and 12 h). As a control, HA synthesized via a wet precipitation method for 1 h at room temperature was utilized. Subsequent material analyses, including XRD, FE-SEM, FTIR, and ICP-MS, were conducted, followed by comprehensive evaluations of the bioactivity, cell attachment, cell proliferation, and sintering properties of the synthesized nHA. The results indicated that nHA synthesized through the hydrothermal reaction produced nanoscale crystals, with the aspect ratio of nHA particles increasing with the duration of hydrothermal treatment. Notably, rod-like nHA particles became prominent with hydrothermal durations exceeding 6 h. nHA particles derived from oyster shells contained carbonate and trace elements (Na, Mg, K, and Sr), similar to constituents found in human hard tissue such as bone and teeth. The immersion of nHA synthesized at 150 \u00b0C for 1 h (HT2) in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 28 d led to the formation of a bone-like apatite layer on the surface, indicating the excellent bioactivity of the synthesized nHA. The cell culture results revealed superior cell attachment and proliferation for nHA (HT2). Following the sequential formation and sintering at 1200 \u00b0C for 4 h, HT2 ceramics exhibited enhanced microhardness (5.65 GPa) and fracture toughness (1.23 MPa\u00b7m0.5), surpassing those of human tooth enamel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14151281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T15:25:23Z","timestamp":1722353123000},"page":"1281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Enhancing Bioactivity and Mechanical Properties of Nano-Hydroxyapatite Derived from Oyster Shells through Hydrothermal Synthesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Shih-Ching","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Technology and Materials Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 406053, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2643-1680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsueh-Chuan","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Technology and Materials Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 406053, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Hui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 811726, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2355-7939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Fu","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 811726, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.55095\/achot2022\/041","article-title":"Epidemiology of Bone Fractures in the Hand in Adult Population Using the ICD-10 Classification","volume":"89","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Chir. 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