{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:54:12Z","timestamp":1793040852016,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Tokyo Future Society Initiative (FSI)-Nippon Foundation Research Project on Marine Plastics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pollution by microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) raises concerns, not only regarding their environmental effects, but also their potential impact on human health by internalization via the small intestine. However, the detailed pathways of MNP internalization and their toxicities to the human intestine have not sufficiently been understood, thus, further investigations are required. This work aimed to understand the behavior of MNPs, using in vitro human intestine models, tri-culture models composed of enterocyte Caco-2 cells, goblet-like HT29-MTX-E12 cells, and microfold cells (M cells) induced by the lymphoblast cell line Raji B. Three sizes (50, 100, and 500 nm) of polystyrene (PS) particles were exposed as MNPs on the culture model, and size-dependent translocation of the MNPs and the contributions of each cell were clarified, emphasizing the significance of the tri-culture model. In addition, potential concerns of MNPs were suggested when they invaded the circulatory system of the human body.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14171435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T10:07:35Z","timestamp":1725271655000},"page":"1435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Size-Dependent Internalization of Microplastics and Nanoplastics Using In Vitro Model of the Human Intestine\u2014Contribution of Each Cell in the Tri-Culture Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8795-0970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunjin","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shohei","family":"Kaneko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusei","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kosuke","family":"Inamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4253-3211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaki","family":"Nishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2249-6516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuyuki","family":"Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, July 05). 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