{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T11:56:32Z","timestamp":1767182192626,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Russian Science Foundation","award":["20-65-47052","20-63-47070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-65-47052","20-63-47070"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The uncontrolled use of antibiotics has led to a global problem of antimicrobial resistance. One of the main mechanisms of bacterial resistance is the formation of biofilms. In order to prevent the growth of antimicrobial resistance, it is crucial to develop new antibacterial agents that are capable of inhibiting the formation of biofilms. This makes this area of research highly relevant today. Promising candidates for these antibacterial agents are new bionanomaterials made from natural humic substances and silver nanoparticles. These substances have the potential to not only directly kill microorganisms but also penetrate biofilms and inhibit their formation. The goal of this study is to synthesize active pharmaceutical substances in the form of bionanomaterials, using ultradispersed silver nanoparticles in a matrix of coal humic substances, perform their characterization (NMR spectroscopy, TEM, and ICP-AES methods), and research their influence on biofilm formation in the most dangerous opportunistic pathogens (E. coli, Methicillin-resistant St. Aureus, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, St. aureus, A. baumannii, and K. Pneumonia). The results showed that all of the studied bionanomaterials had antibacterial activity against all of the opportunistic pathogens. Furthermore, they were found to have a suppressive effect on both pre-existing biofilms of these bacteria and their formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14171453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T06:18:35Z","timestamp":1725603515000},"page":"1453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Influence of Silver-Containing Bionanomaterials Based on Humic Ligands on Biofilm Formation in Opportunistic Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Maria V.","family":"Zykova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Faculty, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk 634050, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria R.","family":"Karpova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Faculty, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk 634050, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1578-882X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marianna V.","family":"Chubik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Faculty, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk 634050, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daria M.","family":"Shunkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Faculty, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk 634050, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lyudmila A.","family":"Azarkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Faculty, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk 634050, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dmitrii A.","family":"Mihalyov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Faculty, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk 634050, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7491-3820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey I.","family":"Konstantinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evgenii V.","family":"Plotnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9034-4733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey N.","family":"Pestryakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irina V.","family":"Perminova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2153-7945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhail V.","family":"Belousov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Faculty, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk 634050, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2017.62","article-title":"A brief history of antibiotics and select advances in their synthesis","volume":"71","author":"Nicolaou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.10.020","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in microbes: History, mechanisms, therapeutic strategies and future prospects","volume":"14","author":"Uddin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00474-2","article-title":"Access to effective antimicrobials: A worldwide challenge","volume":"387","author":"Laxminarayan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"6","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: Arguments and facts","volume":"26","author":"Danilov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00473-0","article-title":"Understanding the mechanisms and drivers of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"387","author":"Holmes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S55778","article-title":"Agriculture and food animals as a source of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria","volume":"8","author":"Economou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rousham, E.K., Unicomb, L., and Islam, M.A. (2018). Human, animal and environmental contributors to antibiotic resistance in low-resource settings: Integrating behavioural, epidemiological and One Health approaches. Proc. Biol. Sci., 285.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.0332"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"3","article-title":"The Potential of the Global Agri-Food Sector: Pluralism of Assessments","volume":"8","author":"Kovalyov","year":"2011","journal-title":"World Econ. Int. Relat."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"310","article-title":"To stop the progress of antimicrobial resistance today means to give a chance of mankind surviving tomorrow","volume":"21","author":"Kozlov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s10123-021-00184-y","article-title":"Threats of antibiotic resistance: An obliged reappraisal","volume":"24","author":"Baquero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.15690\/pf.v14i5.1782","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in modern world","volume":"14","author":"Baranov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1134\/S000368381902011X","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance: Current Approaches and Ways to Cope (a Review)","volume":"5","author":"Mikhaljovaa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manyi-Loh, C., Mamphweli, S., Meyer, E., and Okoh, A. (2018). Antibiotic Use in Agriculture and Its Consequential Resistance in Environmental Sources: Potential Public Health Implications. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23040795"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2017.1337508","article-title":"Burden of antimicrobial resistance in an era of decreasing susceptibility","volume":"15","author":"Tillotson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51034","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202051034","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and persistence-Implications for human health and treatment perspectives","volume":"21","author":"Huemer","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: A systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2024, June 01). WHO. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240093461."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-021-00624-x","article-title":"Microbial biofilm: Formation, architecture, antibiotic resistance, and control strategies","volume":"52","author":"Rather","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0533-3","article-title":"Antibiotics versus biofilm: An emerging battleground in microbial communities","volume":"8","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2022.229","article-title":"Silver as an Antibiotic-Independent Antimicrobial: Review of Current Formulations and Clinical Relevance","volume":"23","author":"Vishwanath","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg. Infect."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1080\/07388551.2017.1414141","article-title":"Fungal silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, application and challenges","volume":"38","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31333","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c03774","article-title":"Role of the Human Serum Albumin Protein Corona in the Antimicrobial and Photothermal Activity of Metallic Nanoparticles against Escherichia coli Bacteria","volume":"8","author":"Guglielmelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.104799","article-title":"Synthesis of sodium-alginate capped silver nanocomposite microgel beads via bio-reduction featuring multifunctional antibacterial and apoptotic properties in human prostate cancer","volume":"87","author":"Hou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200400927","article-title":"Shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanostructures: The case of silver","volume":"11","author":"Wiley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1021\/nl048912c","article-title":"Polyol synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Use of chloride and oxygen to promote the formation of single-crystal, truncated cubes and tetrahedrons","volume":"4","author":"Wiley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1007\/s11172-010-0395-6","article-title":"Silver-containing nanocomposites based on galactomannan and carrageenan: Synthesis, structure, and antimicrobial properties","volume":"59","author":"Lesnichaya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rus. Chem. Bull."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"76","article-title":"Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from active compounds Quacetin\u20133-OBd-galactopyranoside containing plant extract and its antifungal application","volume":"6","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1000178","article-title":"Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of water infusion plant-mediated silver nanoparticles","volume":"4","author":"Salih","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nanomed. Nanotechol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"341","article-title":"Rapid synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract of Achyranthes aspera and study of their antimicrobial and free radical scavenging activities","volume":"8","author":"Bobbu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zykova, M.V., Volikov, A.B., Buyko, E.E., Bratishko, K.A., Ivanov, V.V., Konstantinov, A.I., Logvinova, L.A., Mihalyov, D.A., Sobolev, N.A., and Zhirkova, A.M. (2023). Enhanced Antioxidant Activity and Reduced Cytotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles Stabilized by Different Humic Materials. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15163386"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.20538\/1682-0363-2024-2-55-64","article-title":"Restoring antibiotic sensitivity to lincomycin in compositions with nanosilver and humic substance","volume":"23","author":"Zykova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bull. Sib. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1515\/pac-2018-1110","article-title":"From green chemistry and nature-like technologies towards ecoadaptive chemistry and technology","volume":"91","author":"Perminova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.32725\/jab.2005.002","article-title":"Humic substances-compounds of still unknown structure: Applications in agriculture, industry, environment, and biomedicine","volume":"3","author":"Havel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Va\u0161kov\u00e1, J., Stup\u00e1k, M., Vidov\u00e1 Ugurba\u015f, M., \u017datko, D., and Va\u0161ko, L. (2023). Therapeutic Efficiency of Humic Acids in Intoxications. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13040971"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5319","article-title":"The antiinflammatory properties of humic substances: A mini review","volume":"29","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109999","article-title":"New artificial network model to estimate biological activity of peat humic acids","volume":"191","author":"Zykova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NJ00960C","article-title":"Supramolecular Combinations of Fractionated Humic Polyanions as Potent and Cost-Effective Microbicides with Polymodal anti-HIV-Activities and Low Cytotoxicity","volume":"41","author":"Zhernov","year":"2017","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zykova, M.V., Brazovskii, K.S., Bratishko, K.A., Buyko, E.E., Logvinova, L.A., Romanenko, S.V., Konstantinov, A.I., Krivoshchekov, S.V., Perminova, I.V., and Belousov, M.V. (2022). Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Ontology-Based Model of the Antioxidant and Cell Protective Activity of Peat Humic Acids. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14163293"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zykova, M.V., Bratishko, K.A., Buyko, E.E., Azarkina, L.A., Ivanov, V.V., Mihalyov, D.A., Trofimova, E.S., Danilets, M.G., Ligacheva, A.A., and Konstantinov, A.I. (2024). Coal-Derived Humic Substances: Insight into Chemical Structure Parameters and Biomedical Properties. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29071530"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Larionov, K.S., Zhang, S., Sobolev, N.A., Konstantinov, A.I., Volkov, D.S., Suslova, E.V., Chernov, V.E., Poloskov, A.I., and Glushakov, R.I. (2024). Humic Polyelectrolytes Facilitate Rapid Microwave Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Suitable for Wound-Healing Applications. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16050587"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"853","article-title":"Phytochemical analysis, antibacterial, antifungal and antiinflammatory activity of humic acid","volume":"6","author":"Nivetha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Anal. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulikova, N.A., and Perminova, I.V. (2021). Interactions between humic substances and microorganisms and their implications for nature-like bioremediation technologies. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26092706"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-020-00406-x","article-title":"Antibacterial and antibiofilm potential of silver nanoparticles against antibiotic-sensitive and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains","volume":"52","author":"Bueno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruna, T., Maldonado-Bravo, F., Jara, P., and Caro, N. (2021). Silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22137202"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S246764","article-title":"The Antibacterial Mechanism of Silver Nanoparticles and Its Application in Dentistry","volume":"15","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slavin, Y.N., Asnis, J., Hnfeli, U.O., and Bach, H. (2017). Metal nanoparticles: Understanding the mechanisms behind antibacterial activity. J. Nanobiotechnol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-017-0308-z"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaikh, S., Nazam, N., Rizvi, S.M.D., Ahmad, K., Baig, M.H., Lee, E.J., and Choi, I. (2019). Mechanistic insights into the antimicrobial actions of metallic nanoparticles and their implications for multidrug resistance. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20102468"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volikov, A.B., Mareev, N.V., Konstantinov, A.I., Molodykh, A.A., Melnikova, S.V., Bazhanova, A.E., Gasanov, M.E., Nikolaev, E.N., Zherebker, A.Y., and Volkov, D.S. (2021). Directed Synthesis of Humic and Fulvic Derivatives with Enhanced Antioxidant Properties. Agronomy, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11102047"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8518","DOI":"10.1021\/es050915j","article-title":"Design of quinonoid-enriched humic materials with enhanced redox properties","volume":"39","author":"Perminova","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.09.584","article-title":"Study of SPR peak shifting of silver nanoparticles with change in surrounding medium","volume":"37","author":"Kaur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"375","article-title":"Comparative analysis of partial structures of a peat humic and fulvic acid using one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"31","author":"Hertkorn","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/48.suppl_1.5","article-title":"Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations","volume":"48","author":"Andrews","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI168485","article-title":"Theranostic gold-in-gold cage nanoparticles enable photothermal ablation and photoacoustic imaging in biofilm-associated infection models","volume":"133","author":"Hajfathalian","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-200006000-00004","article-title":"The application of multidimensional NMR to the study of soil humic substances","volume":"165","author":"Kingery","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soil. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"39","article-title":"Choice of the time of pulse delay for quantitative 13C NMR spectroscopy of humic substances","volume":"41","author":"Kovalevskii","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull. Mosc. Univ. (Vestnik MGU) Ser. 2"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.56871\/9654.2022.99.32.006","article-title":"The use of nanoparticles in the treatment of purulent wounds","volume":"7","author":"Kuzmichev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Russ. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13698","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c01666","article-title":"Metal-Organic Framework\/Ag-Based Hybrid Nanoagents for Rapid and Synergistic Bacterial Eradication","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"464","article-title":"Effect of silver nanoparticles on polyantibiotic resistant pathogenic microorganisms. Surgery","volume":"11","author":"Dovnar","year":"2022","journal-title":"East. Eur."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2017.05.011","article-title":"Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sim, S., and Wong, N.K. (2021). Nanotechnology and its use in imaging and drug delivery (Review). Biomed. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2021.1418"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"351","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles: An ecological method of synthesis, properties and use against antibiotic resistant microflora","volume":"18","author":"Dovnar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Belarus Med. Ser."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4643","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-10521-2","article-title":"Preclinical functional characterization methods of nanocomposite hydrogels containing silver nanoparticles for biomedical applications","volume":"104","author":"Obradovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2019.126900","article-title":"Facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles with medicinal grass and its biological assessment","volume":"259","author":"Balu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qais, F.A., Shafiq, A., Khan, H.M., Husain, F.M., Khan, R.A., Alenazi, B., Alsalme, A., and Ahmad, I. (2019). Antibacterial Effect of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Murraya koenigii (L.) against Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens. Bioinorg. Chem. Appl., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4649506"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.37.3.2888","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles against field and reference strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis and multiple-drug-resistant tuberculosis strains","volume":"37","author":"Selim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epizoot."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.16011","article-title":"Capping Agent-Dependent Toxicity and Antimicrobial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles: An In Vitro Study. Concerns about Potential Application in Dental Practice","volume":"13","author":"Niska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.05.036","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles with antimicrobial activities against Streptococcus mutans and their cytotoxic effect","volume":"55","author":"Boegli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corr\u00eaa, J.M., Mori, M., Sanches, H.L., da Cruz, A.D., Poiate, E., and Poiate, I.A. (2015). Silver nanoparticles in dental biomaterials. Int. J. Biomater., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/485275"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2017.10.008","article-title":"A systematic review on silver nanoparticles-induced cytotoxicity: Physicochemical properties and perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Akter","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124646","article-title":"Behavior of humic substances in the liquid-liquid system directly measured using tritium label","volume":"238","author":"Chernysheva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S., Datta, S., Narayanan, K.B., and Rajnish, K.N. (2021). Bacterial exo-polysaccharides in biofilms: Role in antimicrobial resistance and treatments. J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-021-00242-y"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"43","article-title":"Humic substances: Pharmacological properties, mechanisms of action, and prospects for use in medicine","volume":"73","author":"Buzlama","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eksp. Klin. Farmakol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.33380\/2305-2066-2021-10-4-46-53","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of Silver-containing Bionanocompositions Based on Humic Substances in Cell Culture","volume":"10","author":"Buyko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Regist."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.20538\/1682-0363-2021-4-71-78","article-title":"The effect of coal-derived humic substances and their silver-containing bionanocomposites on arginine balance in peritoneal macrophages of intact mice","volume":"20","author":"Trofimova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Sib. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"5507","article-title":"Effect of silver nanoparticles on the antibacterial activity of Levofloxacin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"25","author":"Saadh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.12.043","article-title":"Synergetic effect of vancomycin loaded silver nanoparticles for enhanced antibacterial activity","volume":"176","author":"Kaur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/14\/17\/1453\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:49:43Z","timestamp":1760111383000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/14\/17\/1453"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nano14171453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano14171453","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-4991"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]}}}