{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:59:56Z","timestamp":1787029196685,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRE2019-090122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRE2019-090122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018-101506-B-C31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-101506-B-C31"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018-101506-B-C32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-101506-B-C32"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018-101506-B-C33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-101506-B-C33"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRE2019-090122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRE2019-090122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018-101506-B-C31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-101506-B-C31"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018-101506-B-C32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-101506-B-C32"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018-101506-B-C33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-101506-B-C33"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Various surface modifications to increase the lifespan of cobalt\u2013chromium (CoCr) joint prostheses are being studied to reduce the wear rate in bone joint applications. One recently proposed modification involves depositing graphene oxide functionalized with hyaluronic acid (a compound present in joints) on CoCr surfaces, which can act as a solid lubricant. This paper analyzes the biological alterations caused by wear\u2013corrosion phenomena that occur in joints, both from the perspective of the worn surface (in vitro model) and the particles generated during the wear processes (in vivo model). The analysis of the inflammatory response of macrophage was performed on CoCr surfaces modified with graphene oxide and functionalized with hyaluronic acid (CoCr-GO-HA), before and after wear\u2013corrosion processes. The wear particles released during the wear\u2013corrosion tests of the CoCr-GO-HA\/CoCr ball pair immersed in 3 g\/L hyaluronic acid were intra-articularly injected into the experimental animals. The hematological analysis in vivo was made considering a murine model of intra-articular injection into the left knee in male adult Wistar rats, at increasing concentrations of the collected wear particles dispersed in 0.9% NaCl. Non-significant differences in the inflammatory response to unworn CoCr-GO-HA surfaces and control (polystyrene) were obtained. The wear\u2013corrosion of the CoCr-GO-HA disk increased the inflammatory response at both 72 and 96 h of material exposure compared to the unworn CoCr-GO-HA surfaces, although the differences were not statistically significant. The pro-inflammatory response of the macrophages was reduced on the worn surfaces of the CoCr modified and functionalized with graphene oxide (GO) and hyaluronic acid (HA), compared to the worn surfaces of the unmodified CoCr. The hematological analysis and tissue reactions after intra-articular injection did not reveal pathological damage, with average hematological values recorded, although slight reductions in creatinine and protein within non-pathological ranges were found. Some traces of biomaterial particles in the knee at the highest concentration of injected particles were only found but without inflammatory signs. The results show the potential benefits of using graphene in intra-articular prostheses, which could improve the quality of life for numerous patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14221815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T06:10:48Z","timestamp":1731478248000},"page":"1815","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Hematological Response to Particle Debris Generated During Wear\u2013Corrosion Processes of CoCr Surfaces Modified with Graphene Oxide and Hyaluronic Acid for Joint Prostheses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda L.","family":"Escudero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metal\u00fargicas (CENIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC), Avenida Gregorio del Amo, 8, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0275-4626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria C.","family":"Garc\u00eda-Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metal\u00fargicas (CENIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC), Avenida Gregorio del Amo, 8, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8697-6298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bel\u00e9n","family":"Chico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metal\u00fargicas (CENIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC), Avenida Gregorio del Amo, 8, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2762-6938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa M.","family":"Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas-Margarita Salas (CIB Margarita Salas), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC), C\/Ramiro de Maeztu, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5065-9239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luna","family":"S\u00e1nchez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metal\u00fargicas (CENIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC), Avenida Gregorio del Amo, 8, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas-Margarita Salas (CIB Margarita Salas), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC), C\/Ramiro de Maeztu, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Program in Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Doctoral School, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1049-5102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Flores-S\u00e1enz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Translational Medicine, Doctoral School, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, 28801 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, Area of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Campus Cient\u00edfico-Tecnol\u00f3gico, Crta. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33,600, 28805 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soledad","family":"Crist\u00f3bal-Aguado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, Department of Nursery, Campus Cient\u00edfico-Tecnol\u00f3gico, Crta. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33,600, 28805 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Principe de Asturias University Hospital (HUPA), Campus Cient\u00edfico-Tecnol\u00f3gico, Av. Principal de la Universidad, s\/n, 28805 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4834-289X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Moreno-G\u00f3mez-Toledano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, Area of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Campus Cient\u00edfico-Tecnol\u00f3gico, Crta. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33,600, 28805 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2188-3618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soledad","family":"Aguado-Henche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, Area of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Campus Cient\u00edfico-Tecnol\u00f3gico, Crta. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33,600, 28805 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"CoCrMo Alloy for Biomedical Applications","volume":"Volume 55","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomedical Applications. 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