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We term these pleiotropic nano-enzymes as \u201cpleozymes\u201d. A broad redox potential spans many crucial redox reactions including the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to polysulfides and thiosulfate, dismutation of the superoxide radical (O2\u2212*), and oxidation of NADH to NAD+. The oxidation of H2S is predicted to enhance protein persulfidation\u2014the attachment of sulfur to cysteine residues. Persulfidated proteins act as redox intermediates, and persulfidation protects proteins from irreversible oxidation and ubiquitination, providing an important means of signaling. Protein persulfidation is believed to decline in several neurological disorders and aging. Importantly, and consistent with the role of persulfidation in signaling, the master antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 is regulated by Keap1\u2019s persulfidation. Here, we demonstrate that pleozymes increased overall protein persulfidation in cells from apparently healthy individuals and from individuals with the mitochondrial protein mutation responsible for Friedreich\u2019s ataxia. We further find that pleozymes specifically enhanced Keap1 persulfidation, with subsequent increased accumulation of Nrf2 and Nrf2\u2019s antioxidant targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14242007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T06:48:39Z","timestamp":1734331719000},"page":"2007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Harshly Oxidized Activated Charcoal Enhances Protein Persulfidation with Implications for Neurodegeneration as Exemplified by Friedreich\u2019s Ataxia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8400-0291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anh T. T.","family":"Vo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uffaf","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4218-2159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton V.","family":"Liopo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1671-5727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karthik","family":"Mouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0178-2203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth R.","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine South Bend, South Bend, IN 46617, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily A.","family":"McHugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA"},{"name":"Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Tour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA"},{"name":"Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA"},{"name":"Rice Advanced Materials Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA"},{"name":"The NanoCarbon Center, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhavan","family":"Pooparayil Manoj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Derry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"School of Engineering Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9877-7584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Kent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA"},{"name":"Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Hospital and Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ra72","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2000464","article-title":"H2S signals through protein S-sulfhydration","volume":"2","author":"Mustafa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3893","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b04634","article-title":"Developing Polysulfide-Sensitive GFPs for Real-Time Analysis of Polysulfides in Live Cells and Subcellular Organelles","volume":"91","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, B., Zhang, Z., Huang, Z., Duan, X., Wang, Y., Cao, J., Li, L., He, K., Nice, E.C., and He, W. (2023). 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