{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:37:49Z","timestamp":1759970269378,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The research and development of a matrix of Addressable Nanoliter Containers (ANLCs) is the focus of this work. ANLCs introduce a novel approach for cryopreserving single sperm cells. A significant increase in sperm cell mortality was observed after cryopreserving nanoliter-scale cell suspensions, attributed to the diffusion of water from the aqueous droplets into the surrounding oil phase. This process elevated the salt concentration within the droplets. A practical solution was devised by saturating the oil with water, significantly reducing the concentration gradient and, consequently, the diffusion. For ANLCs smaller than a few nanoliters, locating individual sperm cells within the containers became highly feasible. Using saturated oil, the survival rate reached 100%. Optical simulations were conducted to evaluate the impact of ANLCs on light scattering, enabling the selection of designs with minimal scattering. The simulations conclusively demonstrated that a cylindrical container with a flat bottom produced the least light scattering. This device was tested under clinical conditions in an in vitro fertilization (IVF) laboratory, revealing its strong potential as a practical tool for housing individual sperm cells. It enables characterization using interferometric indicators and facilitates the selection of sperm cells for IVF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15030149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T04:19:51Z","timestamp":1737433191000},"page":"149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Novel Nanomaterial-Based Approach for the Cryopreservation of Individual Sperm Cells Using Addressable Nanoliter Containers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Bat-Sheva","family":"Galmidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Biophysical Interdisciplinary Jerome Schottenstein Center for the Research and Technology of the Cellome, Physics Department, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yana","family":"Shafran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Biophysical Interdisciplinary Jerome Schottenstein Center for the Research and Technology of the Cellome, Physics Department, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Shimon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Fertility, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Ramat-Gan 5262000, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0820-8079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adva","family":"Aizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Fertility, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Ramat-Gan 5262000, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0865-1196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raoul","family":"Orvieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Fertility, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Ramat-Gan 5262000, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Zurgil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Biophysical Interdisciplinary Jerome Schottenstein Center for the Research and Technology of the Cellome, Physics Department, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mordechai","family":"Deutsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Biophysical Interdisciplinary Jerome Schottenstein Center for the Research and Technology of the Cellome, Physics Department, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zeev","family":"Schiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laser Physics, Elbit Systems, Rehovot 7670305, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0963-7908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dror","family":"Fixler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, The Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)38662-7","article-title":"Evaluation of the Azoospermic Patient","volume":"142","author":"Jarow","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. 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