{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T03:51:03Z","timestamp":1791431463923,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005847","name":"Food and Health Bureau of the Hong Kong Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["09202026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09202026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dental diseases represent a significant global health concern, with traditional treatment methods often proving costly and lacking in long-term efficacy. Emerging research highlights nanoparticles as a promising, cost-effective therapeutic alternative, owing to their unique properties. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the application of antimicrobial and antioxidant nanoparticles in the management of dental diseases. Silver and gold nanoparticles have shown great potential for inhibiting biofilm formation and thus preventing dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis. Various dental products can integrate copper nanoparticles, known for their antimicrobial properties, to combat oral infections. Similarly, zinc oxide nanoparticles enhance the antimicrobial performance of dental materials, including adhesives and cements. Titanium dioxide and cerium oxide nanoparticles possess antimicrobial and photocatalytic properties, rendering them advantageous for dental materials and oral hygiene products. Chitosan nanoparticles are effective in inhibiting oral pathogens and reducing inflammation in periodontal tissues. Additionally, curcumin nanoparticles, with their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, can enhance the overall performance of dental materials and oral care products. Incorporating these diverse nanoparticles into dental materials and oral care products holds the potential to significantly reduce the risk of infection, control biofilm formation, and improve overall oral health. This review underscores the importance of continued research and development in this promising field to realize the full potential of nanoparticles in dental care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15030209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T06:47:29Z","timestamp":1738046849000},"page":"209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Use of Antimicrobial Nanoparticles for the Management of Dental Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1167-2999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iris Xiaoxue","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjaneyulu","family":"Udduttulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9084-4001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veena Wenqing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6505-198X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kitty Jieyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica Yuqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8167-0430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun Hung","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Boisseau, P., Houdy, P., and Lahmani, M. (2007). Nanoscience, Springer."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813586-0.00001-8","article-title":"An introduction to nanotechnology","volume":"Volume 28","author":"Hubbard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Interface Science and Technology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szczyglewska, P., Feliczak-Guzik, A., and Nowak, I. (2023). Nanotechnology\u2013general aspects: A chemical reduction approach to the synthesis of nanoparticles. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28134932"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0053.7498","article-title":"Bionanomaterials\u2014An emerging field of nanotechnology","volume":"121","author":"Shelin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marasli, C., Katifelis, H., Gazouli, M., and Lagopati, N. (2024). Nano-Based Approaches in Surface Modifications of Dental Implants: A Literature Review. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29133061"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonilla-Represa, V., Abalos-Labruzzi, C., Herrera-Martinez, M., and Guerrero-P\u00e9rez, M.O. (2020). Nanomaterials in Dentistry: State of the Art and Future Challenges. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202008.0075.v1"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zakrzewski, W., Dobrzy\u0144ski, M., Zawadzka-Knefel, A., Luboja\u0144ski, A., Dobrzy\u0144ski, W., Janecki, M., Kurek, K., Szymonowicz, M., Wiglusz, R.J., and Rybak, Z. (2021). Nanomaterials Application in Endodontics. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14185296"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bokobza, L. (2024). On the Use of Nanoparticles in Dental Implants. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17133191"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2017.08.193","article-title":"Nanoparticles in dentistry","volume":"33","author":"Schmalz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Shukla, A.K. (2019). Application of nanoparticles in dentistry: Current trends. Nanoparticles in Medicine, Springer."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2010.536615","article-title":"Stable nanoparticle aggregates\/agglomerates of different sizes and the effect of their size on hemolytic cytotoxicity","volume":"5","author":"Zook","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-015-1460-6","article-title":"Effect of particle agglomeration in nanotoxicology","volume":"89","author":"Bruinink","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.partic.2021.11.007","article-title":"Toxicity of manufactured nanomaterials","volume":"69","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Particuology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6zdemir, O., and Kopac, T. (2022). Recent Progress on the Applications of Nanomaterials and Nano-Characterization Techniques in Endodontics: A Review. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15155109"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2014.04.008","article-title":"Challenges associated with Penetration of Nanoparticles across Cell and Tissue Barriers: A Review of Current Status and Future Prospects","volume":"9","author":"Barua","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2017.12.004","article-title":"Nanoparticles used in dentistry: A review","volume":"8","author":"Priyadarsini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Oral Biol. Craniofacial Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pecci-Lloret, M.P., Gea-Alcocer, S., Murcia-Flores, L., Rodr\u00edguez-Lozano, F.J., and O\u00f1ate-S\u00e1nchez, R.E. (2024). Use of Nanoparticles in Regenerative Dentistry: A Systematic Review. Biomimetics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9040243"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034510377794","article-title":"The use of nanoparticles to control oral biofilm formation","volume":"89","author":"Allaker","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Valverde, N., L\u00f3pez-Valverde, A., Montero, J., Rodr\u00edguez, C., Macedo de Sousa, B., and Aragoneses, J.M. (2023). Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of natural products in periodontal disease: A comprehensive review. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1226907"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdulkareem, A.A., Al-Taweel, F.B., Al-Sharqi, A.J., Gul, S.S., Sha, A., and Chapple, I.L. (2023). Current concepts in the pathogenesis of periodontitis: From symbiosis to dysbiosis. J. Oral Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2023.2197779"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, F., Huang, H., Wang, M., Rong, W., and Wang, J. (2022). Applications of antioxidants in dental procedures. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11122492"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrouel, F., Viennot, S., Ottolenghi, L., Gaillard, C., and Bourgeois, D. (2020). Nanoparticles as anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and remineralizing agents in oral care cosmetics: A review of the current situation. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10010140"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2405763","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202405763","article-title":"Unraveling Nanomaterials in Biomimetic Mineralization of Dental Hard Tissue: Focusing on Advantages, Mechanisms, and Prospects","volume":"11","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1021\/nn505015e","article-title":"Review of nanomaterials in dentistry: Interactions with the oral microenvironment, clinical applications, hazards, and benefits","volume":"9","author":"Besinis","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666161124154549","article-title":"Biofilm-mediated antibiotic-resistant oral bacterial infections: Mechanism and combat strategies","volume":"23","author":"Kanwar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4279","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.5b00592","article-title":"Simultaneous reduction of metal ions by multiple reducing agents initiates the asymmetric growth of metallic nanocrystals","volume":"15","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, O., Sibuyi, N.R.S., Fadaka, A.O., Madiehe, M.A., Maboza, E., Meyer, M., and Geerts, G. (2022). Plant Extract-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles for Application in Dental Therapy. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14020380"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naganthran, A., Verasoundarapandian, G., Khalid, F.E., Masarudin, M.J., Zulkharnain, A., Nawawi, N.M., Karim, M., Che Abdullah, C.A., and Ahmad, S.A. (2022). Synthesis, characterization and biomedical application of silver nanoparticles. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15020427"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2012.713323","article-title":"Silver as an antimicrobial: Facts and gaps in knowledge","volume":"39","author":"Maillard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"70","article-title":"A review on potential role of silver nanoparticles and possible mechanisms of their actions on bacteria","volume":"11","author":"Khalandi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez, C.C., Sokolonski, A.R., Fonseca, M.S., Stanisic, D., Ara\u00fajo, D.B., Azevedo, V., Portela, R.D., and Tasic, L. (2021). Applications of Silver Nanoparticles in Dentistry: Advances and Technological Innovation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052485"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"e33779","article-title":"Application of nanomaterials in restorative dentistry","volume":"15","author":"Mandhalkar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuang, Y., Lin, K., and Yu, H. (2019). Advance of nano-composite electrospun fibers in periodontal regeneration. Front. Chem., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2019.00495"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esteves, G.M., Esteves, J., Resende, M., Mendes, L., and Azevedo, A.S. (2022). Antimicrobial and antibiofilm coating of dental implants\u2014Past and new perspectives. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11020235"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afkhami, F., Forghan, P., Gutmann, J.L., and Kishen, A. (2023). Silver nanoparticles and their therapeutic applications in endodontics: A narrative review. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15030715"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takamiya, A.S., Monteiro, D.R., Gorup, L.F., Silva, E.A., de Camargo, E.R., Gomes-Filho, J.E., de Oliveira, S.H.P., and Barbosa, D.B. (2021). Biocompatible silver nanoparticles incorporated in acrylic resin for dental application inhibit Candida albicans biofilm. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. Mater. Biol. Appl., 118.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111341"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.04.093","article-title":"Endothelial cell injury and dysfunction induced by silver nanoparticles through oxidative stress via IKK\/NF-\u03baB pathways","volume":"35","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-013-1896-7","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles in soil\u2013plant systems","volume":"15","author":"Anjum","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nanoparticle Res."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"379","article-title":"Antibacterial Properties of Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles and Their Application in Oral Biology","volume":"13","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119596","article-title":"Recent advances of gold nanoparticles as biomaterial in dentistry","volume":"586","author":"Bapat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"6155","article-title":"Application of Golden Nanoparticles against Streptococcus Mutans for Prevention of Caries Lesions","volume":"3","author":"Daliri","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Peri Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"9935556","article-title":"Evaluating Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Gold Nanoparticles against Streptococcus oralis","volume":"2023","author":"Mohamed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3109\/23337931.2015.1084883","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of gold-titanates on Gram-positive cariogenic bacteria","volume":"1","author":"Eiampongpaiboon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biomater. Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e15326","article-title":"Recent advances in the use of inorganic nanomaterials as anti caries agents","volume":"9","author":"Hasan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Essa, A.M., and Khallaf, M.K. (2016). Antimicrobial potential of consolidation polymers loaded with biological copper nanoparticles. BMC Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0766-8"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rom\u00e1n, L.E., Gomez, E.D., Sol\u00eds, J.L., and G\u00f3mez, M.M. (2020). Antibacterial Cotton Fabric Functionalized with Copper Oxide Nanoparticles. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25245802"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-013-5422-8","article-title":"Bioactivity, mechanism of action, and cytotoxicity of copper-based nanoparticles: A review","volume":"98","author":"Ingle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2019-046","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of a glass ionomer cement doped with copper nanoparticles","volume":"39","author":"Aparicio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bang, S.J., Jun, S.K., Kim, Y.J., Ahn, J.Y., Vu, H.T., Mandakhbayar, N., Han, M.R., Lee, J.H., Kim, J.B., and Kim, J.S. (2022). Characterization of Physical and Biological Properties of a Caries-Arresting Liquid Containing Copper Doped Bioglass Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14061137"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashour, A.A., Felemban, M.F., Felemban, N.H., Enan, E.T., Basha, S., Hassan, M.M., and Gad El-Rab, S.M.F. (2022). Comparison and Advanced Antimicrobial Strategies of Silver and Copper Nanodrug-Loaded Glass Ionomer Cement against Dental Caries Microbes. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11060756"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez, M.F., Bermudez, J., D\u00e1vila-S\u00e1nchez, A., Alegr\u00eda-Acevedo, L.F., M\u00e9ndez-Bauer, L., Hern\u00e1ndez, M., Astorga, J., Reis, A., Loguercio, A.D., and Farago, P.V. (2019). Zinc oxide and copper nanoparticles addition in universal adhesive systems improve interface stability on caries-affected dentin. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 100.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.024"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7727","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S303521","article-title":"Graphene Oxide-Copper Nanocomposites Suppress Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation","volume":"16","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1035","article-title":"Design of antimicrobial release systems based on chitosan and copper nanoparticles for localized periodontal therapy","volume":"2","author":"Covarrubias","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dent. Oral Disord."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2106.06008","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Copper Nano-Drug and Its Dental Application upon Periodontal Disease-Causing Microorganisms","volume":"31","author":"Basha","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14312","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c00137","article-title":"Sulfated Chitosan-Modified CuS Nanocluster: A Versatile Nanoformulation for Simultaneous Antibacterial and Bone Regenerative Therapy in Periodontitis","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2022.0014","article-title":"Tailoring Copper-Doped Bioactive Glass\/Chitosan Coatings with Angiogenic and Antibacterial Properties","volume":"28","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part C Methods"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devadoss, D., Asirvatham, A., Kujur, A., Saaron, G., Devi, N., and John Mary, S. (2023). Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles from Murraya koenigii and its corrosion resistivity on Ti-6Al-4V dental alloy. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 146.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2023.106080"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-012-1109-9","article-title":"Industrial production quantities and uses of ten engineered nanomaterials in Europe and the world","volume":"14","author":"Piccinno","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nanoparticle Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2017.07.033","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis, antiseptic activity and toxicity mechanism","volume":"249","author":"Pomastowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arun, D., Adikari Mudiyanselage, D., Gulam Mohamed, R., Liddell, M., Monsur Hassan, N.M., and Sharma, D. (2020). Does the Addition of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Improve the Antibacterial Properties of Direct Dental Composite Resins? A Systematic Review. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14010040"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griauzdyte, V., and Jagelaviciene, E. (2023). Antimicrobial Activity of Zinc against Periodontal Pathogens: A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59122088"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R829","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/16\/25\/R01","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanostructures: Growth, properties and applications","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pushpalatha, C., Suresh, J., Gayathri, V., Sowmya, S., Augustine, D., Alamoudi, A., Zidane, B., Mohammad Albar, N.H., and Patil, S. (2022). Zinc oxide nanoparticles: A review on its applications in dentistry. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.917990"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammadipour, H.S., Tajzadeh, P., Atashparvar, M., Yeganehzad, S., Erfani, M., Akbarzadeh, F., and Gholami, S. (2023). Formulation and antibacterial properties of lollipops containing of chitosan- zinc oxide nano particles on planktonic and biofilm forms of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus. BMC Oral Health, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03604-9"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barma, M.D., Muthupandiyan, I., Samuel, S.R., and Amaechi, B.T. (2021). Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans, antioxidant property and cytotoxicity of novel nano-zinc oxide varnish. Arch. Oral Biol., 126.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2021.105132"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.5395\/rde.2014.39.2.109","article-title":"Antibacterial properties of composite resins incorporating silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus","volume":"39","author":"Kasraei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Restor. Dent. Endod."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-022-00975-x","article-title":"Incorporation of zinc oxide nanoparticles and it\u2019s antibacterial effect on toothpaste","volume":"47","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bull. Natl. Res. Cent."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"e53671","article-title":"Preparation of a Herbal Mouthwash With Lemongrass and Mint-Mediated Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Its Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Properties","volume":"16","author":"Shanmugam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2022.100711","article-title":"Do silver\/hydroxyapatite and zinc oxide nano-coatings improve inflammation around titanium orthodontic mini-screws? In vitro study","volume":"21","author":"Dena","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2016-301","article-title":"Antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity and mechanical behavior of nano-enhanced denture base resin with different kinds of inorganic antibacterial agents","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2015.10.010","article-title":"Anti-biofilm activity of zinc oxide and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as dental implant coating materials","volume":"43","author":"Abdulkareem","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2019.1571121","article-title":"Hydrogel containing minocycline and zinc oxide-loaded serum albumin nanopartical for periodontitis application: Preparation, characterization and evaluation","volume":"26","author":"Mou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Liao, C., and Tjong, S.C. (2020). Recent Advances in Zinc Oxide Nanostructures with Antimicrobial Activities. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228836"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200217666161201111146","article-title":"A review on nano-antimicrobials: Metal nanoparticles, methods and mechanisms","volume":"18","author":"Hoseinzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Metab."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-015-0040-x","article-title":"Review on zinc oxide nanoparticles: Antibacterial activity and toxicity mechanism","volume":"7","author":"Sirelkhatim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3441","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S165699","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce toxicity in CAL 27 oral cancer cell lines by activating PINK1\/Parkin-mediated mitophagy","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S.-W., Lee, C.-H., Lin, M.-S., Chi, C.-W., Chen, Y.-J., Wang, G.-S., Liao, K.-W., Chiu, L.-P., Wu, S.-H., and Huang, D.-M. (2020). ZnO nanoparticles induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in gingival squamous cell carcinoma through mitochondrial dysfunction and p70S6K signaling pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051612"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, P., Jang, N.-Y., Lee, J.-W., Park, B.C., Kim, Y.K., and Cho, N.-H. (2019). Application of ZnO-based nanocomposites for vaccines and cancer immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11100493"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vetrivel, C., Sivarasan, G., Durairaj, K., Ragavendran, C., Kamaraj, C., Karthika, S., and Lo, H.-M. (2023). MoS2-ZnO nanocomposite mediated immunosensor for non-invasive electrochemical detection of IL8 oral tumor biomarker. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13081464"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4103\/ccd.ccd_701_21","article-title":"Evaluation of Dentin Remineralization with Zinc Oxide and Calcium Fluoride Nanoparticles\u2013An In vitro Study","volume":"14","author":"Ahalya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1159\/000356873","article-title":"Zinc induces apatite and scholzite formation during dentin remineralization","volume":"48","author":"Osorio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lelli, M., Putignano, A., Marchetti, M., Foltran, I., Mangani, F., Procaccini, M., Roveri, N., and Orsini, G. (2014). Remineralization and repair of enamel surface by biomimetic Zn-carbonate hydroxyapatite containing toothpaste: A comparative in vivo study. Front. Physiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00333"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2838","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2018.1546187","article-title":"Micro\/nanostructured TiO2\/ZnO coating enhances osteogenic activity of SaOS-2 cells","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9603271221076704","DOI":"10.1177\/09603271221080237","article-title":"Effect of nano zinc oxide on proliferation and toxicity of human gingival cells","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2014.01.006","article-title":"Mechanistic characterization of titanium dioxide nanoparticle-induced toxicity using electron spin resonance","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2891","DOI":"10.1021\/cr0500535","article-title":"Titanium dioxide nanomaterials: Synthesis, properties, modifications, and applications","volume":"107","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6992","DOI":"10.1021\/es101343c","article-title":"Visible-light-induced bactericidal activity of titanium dioxide codoped with nitrogen and silver","volume":"44","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.07.029","article-title":"The antifungal efficacy of nano-metals supported TiO2 and ozone on the resistant Aspergillus niger spore","volume":"261","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2014.09.060","article-title":"New evidence for TiO2 uniform surfaces leading to complete bacterial reduction in the dark: Critical issues","volume":"123","author":"Nesic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/17435390.2019.1665727","article-title":"Antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles grown in situ and anchored to titanium dioxide nanotubes on titanium implant against Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"14","author":"Gunputh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17089","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b04045","article-title":"Metal TiO2 Nanotube Layers for the Treatment of Dental Implant Infections","volume":"10","author":"Roguska","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.153","article-title":"Enhanced antifungal activity by disinfected titanium dioxide nanotubes via reduced nano-adhesion bonds","volume":"76","author":"Escamilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Chen, X., Yu, M., Li, J., Liu, J., Xie, Z., Gao, F., and Liu, Y. (2022). Applications of Titanium Dioxide Nanostructure in Stomatology. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27123881"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3393","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S246310","article-title":"Comparative Study of Antibacterial Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Alone and in Combination with Antibiotics on MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains","volume":"15","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moon, K.S., Park, Y.B., Bae, J.M., Choi, E.J., and Oh, S.H. (2021). Visible Light-Mediated Sustainable Antibacterial Activity and Osteogenic Functionality of Au and Pt Multi-Coated TiO2 Nanotubes. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14205976"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeo, I.L. (2019). Modifications of Dental Implant Surfaces at the Micro- and Nano-Level for Enhanced Osseointegration. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13010089"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2017.06.034","article-title":"pH dependent silver nanoparticles releasing titanium implant: A novel therapeutic approach to control peri-implant infection","volume":"158","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Colloids. Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.07.064","article-title":"Construction of Ag-incorporated coating on Ti substrates for inhibited bacterial growth and enhanced osteoblast response","volume":"171","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids. Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32463","article-title":"Titanium dioxide nanotubes enhance bone bonding in vivo","volume":"92","author":"Bjursten","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bighetti-Trevisan, R.L., Ferraz, E.P., Silva, M.B.F., Zatta, G.C., de Almeida, M.B., Rosa, A.L., and Beloti, M.M. (2023). Effect of osteoblasts on osteoclast differentiation and activity induced by titanium with nanotopography. Colloids. Surf. B Biointerfaces, 229.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2023.113448"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2016.10.013","article-title":"Contribution of oxidative stress to TiO2 nanoparticle-induced toxicity","volume":"48","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, V.R., Loitto, V., Audinot, J.N., Bayat, N., Gutleb, A.C., and Cristobal, S. (2016). Dose-dependent autophagic effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in human HaCaT cells at non-cytotoxic levels. J. Nanobiotechnology, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-016-0174-0"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatzimentor, I., Tsamesidis, I., Ioannou, M.E., Pouroutzidou, G.K., Beketova, A., Giourieva, V., Papi, R., and Kontonasaki, E. (2023). Study of Biological Behavior and Antimicrobial Properties of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15102509"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jre.2023.04.009","article-title":"A review on biomedical and dental applications of cerium oxide nanoparticles\u2015Unearthing the potential of this rare earth metal","volume":"41","author":"Jairam","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Rare Earths"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varghese, E.J., Sihivahanan, D., and Venkatesh, K.V. (2022). Development of Novel Antimicrobial Dental Composite Resin with Nano Cerium Oxide Fillers. Int. J. Biomater., 2022.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3912290"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.3c01213","article-title":"Erythrocyte-Like Mesoporous PDA@CeO2 Nanozyme with Dual Drugs for Periodontitis Treatment","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6955","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TB01743G","article-title":"Novel nanoparticles of cerium-doped zeolitic imidazolate frameworks with dual benefits of antibacterial and anti-inflammatory functions against periodontitis","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2022.02.006","article-title":"Chitosan and its application in dental implantology","volume":"123","author":"Hallmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Stomatol. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yudaev, P., Chuev, V., Klyukin, B., Kuskov, A., Mezhuev, Y., and Chistyakov, E. (2022). Polymeric Dental Nanomaterials: Antimicrobial Action. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14050864"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3392","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34283","article-title":"In vitro bioactivity of different degree of deacetylation chitosan, a potential coating material for titanium implants","volume":"100","author":"Lieder","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.03.016","article-title":"Chitosan: A versatile biopolymer for orthopaedic tissue-engineering","volume":"26","author":"Sittinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mascarenhas, R., Hegde, S., and Manaktala, N. (2024). Chitosan nanoparticle applications in dentistry: A sustainable biopolymer. Front. Chem., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2024.1362482"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.073","article-title":"Preparation and application of chitosan biomaterials in dentistry","volume":"167","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"e49934","article-title":"Applications of Chitosan Nanoparticles in Dentistry: A Review","volume":"15","author":"Agrawal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subhi, H., Reza, F., Husein, A., Al Shehadat, S.A., and Nurul, A.A. (2018). Gypsum-Based Material for Dental Pulp Capping: Effect of Chitosan and BMP-2 on Physical, Mechanical, and Cellular Properties. Int. J. Biomater., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3804293"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2008.04.006","article-title":"Antioxidant protection of human serum albumin by chitosan","volume":"43","author":"Anraku","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.09.012","article-title":"Osseointegration of chitosan coated porous titanium alloy implant by reactive oxygen species-mediated activation of the PI3K\/AKT pathway under diabetic conditions","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan, M.A., Omer, A.M., Abbas, E., Baset, W.M.A., and Tamer, T.M. (2018). Preparation, physicochemical characterization and antimicrobial activities of novel two phenolic chitosan Schiff base derivatives. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29650-w"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.211","article-title":"Chitosan biomaterials application in dentistry","volume":"162","author":"Fakhri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117108","article-title":"Chitosan-based nanoparticles against bacterial infections","volume":"251","author":"Rashki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.166","article-title":"Enhanced antimicrobial activity of naturally derived bioactive molecule chitosan conjugated silver nanoparticle against dental implant pathogens","volume":"108","author":"Divakar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034513494816","article-title":"Effects of chitosan particles in periodontal pathogens and gingival fibroblasts","volume":"92","author":"Arancibia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ansari, Z., Kalantar, M., Soriente, A., Fasolino, I., Kharaziha, M., Ambrosio, L., and Raucci, M.G. (2020). In-Situ Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan\/Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposite Coatings to Improve the Bioactive Properties of Ti6Al4V Substrates. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13173772"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.job.2023.12.004","article-title":"Nano apatite growth on demineralized bone matrix capped with curcumin and silver nanoparticles: Dental implant mechanical stability and optimal cell growth analysis","volume":"66","author":"Senthil","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Oral Biosci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2023.156144","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin\/turmeric supplementation in adults: A GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"164","author":"Dehzad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4277","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666200513112607","article-title":"Curcumin for the Management of Periodontal Diseases: A Review","volume":"26","author":"Forouzanfar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2020.1730815","article-title":"Curcumin and curcumin-loaded nanoparticles: Antipathogenic and antiparasitic activities","volume":"18","author":"Rai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30785","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA05755J","article-title":"Curcumin loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles for activity-enhanced antibacterial and anticancer applications","volume":"10","author":"Perera","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-009-9936-5","article-title":"Curcumin-induced DNA damage and inhibited DNA repair genes expressions in mouse-rat hybrid retina ganglion cells (N18)","volume":"34","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12914","article-title":"Curcumin: A review of experimental studies and mechanisms related to periodontitis treatment","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Periodontal. Res."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pulido-Moran, M., Moreno-Fernandez, J., Ramirez-Tortosa, C., and Ramirez-Tortosa, M. (2016). Curcumin and Health. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21030264"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557520666200429103647","article-title":"Current Trends in Drug Delivery System of Curcumin and its Therapeutic Applications","volume":"20","author":"Sethiya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mini. Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakubczyk, K., Druzga, A., Katarzyna, J., and Skonieczna-Zydecka, K. (2020). Antioxidant Potential of Curcumin-A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9111092"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2012.724676","article-title":"Emerging role of nanocarriers to increase the solubility and bioavailability of curcumin","volume":"9","author":"Mohanty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"231","article-title":"Analysis of the Antiproliferative Effects of Curcumin and Nanocurcumin in MDA-MB231 as a Breast Cancer Cell Line","volume":"15","author":"Khosropanah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16880","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b03347","article-title":"Silver-Decorated Polymeric Micelles Combined with Curcumin for Enhanced Antibacterial Activity","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.15171\/apb.2016.060","article-title":"Synergic Antibacterial Effect of Curcumin with Ampicillin; Free Drug Solutions in Comparison with SLN Dispersions","volume":"6","author":"Alihosseini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.4103\/jphi.JPHI_82_17","article-title":"Effect of local application of curcumin and ornidazole gel in chronic periodontitis patients","volume":"7","author":"Ravishankar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Investig."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/15\/3\/209\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:37:46Z","timestamp":1759919866000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/15\/3\/209"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"references-count":138,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nano15030209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano15030209","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]}}}