{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T21:33:54Z","timestamp":1789508034401,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council Canada","award":["DG RGPIN-2020-06675"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DG RGPIN-2020-06675"]}]},{"name":"the Western Strategic Support for NSERC Success fund","award":["DG RGPIN-2020-06675"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DG RGPIN-2020-06675"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Near-infrared persistent luminescence (PersL) nanoparticles (NPs) have great potential in biomedical applications due to their ability to continuously emit tissue-penetrating light. Despite numerous reports on the distribution, biological safety and other consequences of PersL NPs in vitro and in vivo, there has been a lack of studies on the optical properties of these NPs in the physiological environment. In light of this, we investigated the effects of short-term immersion of the prominent Cr3+-doped ZnGa2O4 (CZGO) NPs in a simulated physiological environment for up to 48 h. This paper reports the changes in the structural and optical properties of CZGO NPs after their immersion in a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution for pre-determined time intervals. Interestingly, the luminescence intensity and lifetime noticeably improved upon exposure to the PBS media, which is unusual among existing nanomaterials explored as bioimaging probes. After 48 h of immersion in the PBS solution, the CZGO NPs were approximately twice as bright as the non-immersed sample. X-ray spectroscopic techniques revealed the formation of ZnO, which results in an improvement in observed luminescence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15030247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T04:47:31Z","timestamp":1738817251000},"page":"247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Enhanced Persistent Luminescence from Cr3+-Doped ZnGa2O4 Nanoparticles upon Immersion in Simulated Physiological Media"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4524-4802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clement","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4361-4905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wai-Tung","family":"Shiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yihong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2439-0739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lijia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7856","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TB01430C","article-title":"Recent Advances of near Infrared Inorganic Fluorescent Probes for Biomedical Applications","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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