{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T01:31:52Z","timestamp":1774143112843,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC3711300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3711300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22306012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22306012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022A1515110578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515110578"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC3711300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3711300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22306012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22306012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022A1515110578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515110578"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2023YFC3711300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3711300"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["22306012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22306012"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2022A1515110578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515110578"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tetracycline antibiotics, which are recognized as emerging environmental pollutants, are overused and retained in large quantities in terminal water bodies, seriously endangering the ecological environment and human health. Therefore, establishing a straightforward, rapid, and sensitive method for quantitatively detecting and evaluating the toxicity of tetracyclines is highly important. Compared with traditional detection methods, emerging electrochemical methods have many advantages, such as simplicity and rapidity. In this work, an electrochemical sensor\u2014a graphene ionic liquid composite glass carbon electrode (Gr\/IL\/GCE) with excellent catalytic properties for both tetracycline and cellular purine bases\u2014was prepared by modifying a glassy carbon electrode with graphene and an ionic liquid for the quantitative detection of tetracycline and evaluation of its toxicity to cells. Graphene and the ionic liquid were uniformly distributed on the surface of the electrode and increased the electrically active surface area. The linear range of detection of tetracycline by a Gr\/IL\/GCE was 10\u2013500 \u03bcM, with a detection limit of up to 2.06 \u03bcM. The Gr\/IL\/GCE demonstrated remarkable electrocatalytic efficacy against purine bases within human hepatocellular carcinomas (HepG2) cells. To evaluate the cytotoxicity of tetracycline, the median inhibition concentration (IC50) was determined, which was 243.82 \u03bcM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15040263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T06:43:07Z","timestamp":1739169787000},"page":"263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Preparation of Electrochemical Sensors Based on Graphene\/Ionic Liquids and the Quantitative Detection and Toxicity Evaluation of Tetracycline"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Meidan","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Water Security, Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Center for Water Research, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linzhe","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Water Security, Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Center for Water Research, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3634-0329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengzhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Water Security, Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Center for Water Research, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Water Security, Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Center for Water Research, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Water Security, Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Center for Water Research, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.110839","article-title":"Fabrication, characterization, and application of ternary magnetic recyclable Bi2WO6\/BiOI@Fe3O4 composite for photodegradation of tetracycline in aqueous solutions","volume":"270","author":"Mengting","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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