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Microplastics (MPs), in particular, affect marine life and maricultural organisms and can enter the food chain via ingestion by marine organisms, leading to bioaccumulation in predators, including humans. This study assessed the toxic interactions between polystyrene microplastic particles (PSMPs) and cadmium (Cd) and phenanthrene (Phe) using marine bivalves. While PSMPs were non-toxic to Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas), the toxicity of Cd and Phe was concentration-dependent. In most conditions, PSMPs reduced the toxicity of Cd and Phe, but in simultaneous exposure, they acted as Cd messengers, altering the toxicity during the adult stage. This study confirms that PSMPs can interact with coastal environmental pollutants, thereby accelerating biotoxicity and posing a significant threat to marine wildlife, mariculture, and human health. It also highlights the need to assess MP toxicity in coastal environments and their interactions with pollutants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15050349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T10:04:28Z","timestamp":1740391468000},"page":"349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evaluating Toxic Interactions of Polystyrene Microplastics with Hazardous and Noxious Substances Using the Early Life Stages of the Marine Bivalve Crassostrea gigas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7908-8911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoon","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maritime Safety and Environmental Research Division, Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering (KRISO), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Tidal Flat Research Institute, Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Busan 46083, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Un-Ki","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tidal Flat Research Institute, Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Busan 46083, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4665-3333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moonjin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maritime Safety and Environmental Research Division, Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering (KRISO), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1482-8506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youn-Jung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, 119, Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taejun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Westenschapspark 1, Bluebridge, 8400 Oostende, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10239","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1314705111","article-title":"Plastic debris in the open ocean","volume":"111","author":"Irigoien","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. 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