{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T02:51:32Z","timestamp":1792896692823,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FIASA (Fondo de Investigaci\u00f3n para la Agrobiodiversidad, Semillas y Agricultura Sustentable)","award":["FIASA-CA-2023-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIASA-CA-2023-008"]}]},{"name":"Vicerrectorado de Investigaci\u00f3n de la Universidad de Cuenca (VIUC)","award":["FIASA-CA-2023-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIASA-CA-2023-008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nanoparticles (NPs) have generated significant interest in various fields due to the unique properties that materials exhibit at the nanoscale. This study presents a comparative analysis of copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) and cobalt nanoparticles (Co-NPs) synthesized via conventional solvothermal and green hydrothermal synthesis using ethylene glycol and Medicago sativa extract, respectively. The conventional solvothermal synthesis showed higher efficiency for both Cu-NPs and Co-NPs with yields of 32.5% and 26.7%, respectively. Characterization through UV\u2013visible spectroscopy (UV\u2013vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that while solvothermal synthesis produced larger particles (76.5 nm for Cu-NPs, 86.8 nm for Co-NPs), the green hydrothermal method yielded smaller particles (53.8 nm for Cu-NPs, 67.7 nm for Co-NPs) with better control over particle size distribution and spherical morphology, showing minimal agglomeration. UV\u2013vis confirmed metal oxide formation, while FTIR showed complex patterns in NPs (green hydrothermal), indicating plant extract compounds. Antifungal evaluation against Pseudocercospora fijiensis showed complete inhibition at 2000 ppm for both NP types, with no mycelial growth after 30 days. When integrated into chitosan, solvothermal NPs produced rougher surfaces, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) confirmed the presence of copper and cobalt in the nanocomposites. This study provides insights into the synthesis of nanoparticles using an environmentally friendly process and their microbiological applications for future use in organic agriculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15050379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T04:10:42Z","timestamp":1740975042000},"page":"379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Metal Nanoparticles Obtained by Green Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Synthesis: Characterization, Biopolymer Incorporation, and Antifungal Evaluation Against Pseudocercospora fijiensis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Tania","family":"Caguana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Master Program in Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Eco Campus Balzay, University of Cuenca, Cuenca 010207, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4373-1407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Cruzat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N@NO-CEA Group, Center for Environmental Studies, Department of Applied Chemistry and Production Systems, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Cuenca, Cuenca 010203, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N@NO-CEA Group, Center for Environmental Studies, Department of Applied Chemistry and Production Systems, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Cuenca, Cuenca 010203, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7285-2646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denisse","family":"Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N@NO-CEA Group, Center for Environmental Studies, Department of Applied Chemistry and Production Systems, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Cuenca, Cuenca 010203, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Ar\u00e9valo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N@NO-CEA Group, Center for Environmental Studies, Department of Applied Chemistry and Production Systems, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Cuenca, Cuenca 010203, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayra","family":"Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TECNO-CEA Group, Center for Environmental Studies, Department of Applied Chemistry and Production Systems, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Cuenca, Cuenca 010203, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4327-0030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnol\u00f3gicas del Ecuador, Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Campus Gustavo Galindo, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Km 30.5 V\u00eda Perimetral, Guayaquil 090902, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7167-2694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00e9stor","family":"Novoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Qu\u00edmica Inorg\u00e1nica y Organomet\u00e1lica, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica e Inorg\u00e1nica, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Edmundo Larenas 129, Casilla 160-C, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Arru\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Departamento de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad San Sebastian, Lientur 1457, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1976-8346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eulalia","family":"Vanegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N@NO-CEA Group, Center for Environmental Studies, Department of Applied Chemistry and Production Systems, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Cuenca, Cuenca 010203, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"100526","article-title":"Research progress and prospect of copper oxide nanoparticles with controllable nanostructure, morphology, and function via green synthesis","volume":"24","author":"Labanni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. 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