{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T09:05:38Z","timestamp":1790154338713,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010580","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018CFB710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018CFB710"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010580","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010580","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202107B07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202107B07"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010580","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002948","name":"Hubei University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018CFB710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018CFB710"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002948","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002948","name":"Hubei University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202107B07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202107B07"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002948","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), one of the most important calcium\u2013phosphorus compounds, is widely used in dentistry, orthopedics, and medicine, but is rarely reported for fluoride removal from water. In view of this, sodium citrate-stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate (Cit-ACP) and Cit-ACP calcinated at different temperatures were successfully prepared for fluoride removal. The results showed that the adsorption data of the Cit-ACP sample could be well described by the Langmuir model, and the adsorption kinetic followed the pseudo-second-order model. The maximum adsorption capacity was 27.48 mg\/g at pH 7.0 when the fluoride concentration is 100 mg\/L. The thermodynamic parameters suggested that the adsorption of fluoride was a spontaneous endothermic process. The XRD, XPS, and Zeta potential analysis of the Cit-ACP sample before and after fluoride removal revealed that, owing to the core\u2013shell structure of the Cit-ACP nanoparticles, the fluoride ions in solution and the calcium ions in shell layer of the Cit-ACP nanoparticles co-promoted the transformation of the core of the Cit-ACP nanoparticles into fluorapatite. Given the simplicity of its preparation and effectiveness of its fluoride removal properties, Cit-ACP would be a potentially economical, efficient, and biocompatible adsorbent for fluoride removal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15080621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T06:23:56Z","timestamp":1744957436000},"page":"621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Citrate-Stabilized Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles as an Effective Adsorbent for Defluorination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ruojiao","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light Weight Materials and Processing, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miaomiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light Weight Materials and Processing, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuwei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light Weight Materials and Processing, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light Weight Materials and Processing, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjun","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light Weight Materials and Processing, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"},{"name":"School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammadi, A.A., Yousefi, M., Yaseri, M., Jalilzadeh, M., and Mahvi, A.H. 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