{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:32:46Z","timestamp":1791909166975,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]],"date-time":"2025-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52266014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52266014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NJYT24062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJYT24062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023SHZR1319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023SHZR1319"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NJZY22433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJZY22433"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Program for Young Talents of Science and Technology in Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["52266014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52266014"]}]},{"name":"Program for Young Talents of Science and Technology in Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["NJYT24062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJYT24062"]}]},{"name":"Program for Young Talents of Science and Technology in Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["2023SHZR1319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023SHZR1319"]}]},{"name":"Program for Young Talents of Science and Technology in Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["NJZY22433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJZY22433"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52266014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52266014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NJYT24062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJYT24062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023SHZR1319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023SHZR1319"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NJZY22433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJZY22433"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region University Scientiffc Research Project","award":["52266014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52266014"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region University Scientiffc Research Project","award":["NJYT24062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJYT24062"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region University Scientiffc Research Project","award":["2023SHZR1319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023SHZR1319"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region University Scientiffc Research Project","award":["NJZY22433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJZY22433"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cesium tungsten bronzes (CsxWO3), as functional materials with excellent near-infrared shielding properties, demonstrate significant potential for applications in smart windows. However, traditional synthesis methods, such as solid-state reactions and solvothermal\/hydrothermal approaches, typically require harsh conditions, including high temperatures (above 200 \u00b0C), high pressure, inert atmospheres, or prolonged reaction times. In this study, we propose an optimized microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis strategy that significantly reduces the severity of reaction conditions through precise parameter control. When benzyl alcohol was employed as the solvent, CsxWO3 nanoparticles could be rapidly synthesized within a relatively short duration of 15 min at 180 \u00b0C, or alternatively obtained through 2 h at a low temperature of 140 \u00b0C. However, when anhydrous ethanol, which is cost-effective and environmentally friendly, was substituted for benzyl alcohol, successful synthesis was also achieved at 140 \u00b0C in 2 h. This method overcomes the limitations of traditional high-pressure reaction systems, achieving efficient crystallization under low-temperature and ambient-pressure conditions while eliminating safety hazards and significantly improving energy efficiency. The resulting materials retain excellent near-infrared shielding performance and visible-light transparency, providing an innovative solution for the safe, rapid, and controllable synthesis of functional nanomaterials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15080627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]],"date-time":"2025-04-20T20:31:36Z","timestamp":1745181096000},"page":"627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Microwave-Assisted Solvothermal Synthesis of Cesium Tungsten Bronze Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Ta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengze","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianli","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8373-0281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luomeng","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s42864-024-00305-w","article-title":"Ant nest-like WO3 films for improving electrochromic and energy-storage dual-functional performance by the surface modification of N-doped carbon","volume":"7","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tungsten"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e40788","article-title":"A review on WO3 photocatalysis used for wastewater treatment and pesticide degradation","volume":"11","author":"Kanafin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2023.03.268","article-title":"One-step ball-milling synthesis of cesium tungsten bronze nanoparticles and near-infrared shielding performance","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202200536","DOI":"10.1002\/cnma.202200536","article-title":"Study on photoelectric conversion properties for near-infrared absorbing materials","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"ChemNanoMat"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9795","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.2c02879","article-title":"Dual-band LSPR of tungsten bronze nanocrystals tunable over NIR and SWIR ranges","volume":"34","author":"Cheref","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.151603","article-title":"Flexible and thermoresponsive AEMR-pNIPAM\/Cs0.33WO3 composite hydrogel film with NIR shielding potential for smart windows and smart curtains","volume":"490","author":"Sudhakaran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2019.145200","article-title":"Insight into the solar utilization of a novel Z-scheme Cs0.33WO3\/CdS heterostructure for UV-Vis-NIR driven photocatalytic hydrogen evolution","volume":"508","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.141378","article-title":"Cs0.33WO3\/(t-m)-BiVO4 double Z-type heterojunction photothermal synergistic enhanced full-spectrum degradation of antibiotics","volume":"458","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"2144","article-title":"CsxWO3 Nanorods coated with polyelectrolyte multilayers as a multifunctional nanomaterial for bimodal imaging-guided photothermal\/photodynamic cancer treatment","volume":"29","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2021.05.064","article-title":"Cesium tungsten bronze nanostructures and their highly enhanced hydrogen gas sensing properties at room temperature","volume":"46","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s42864-024-00273-1","article-title":"Applications of optical control materials based on localized surface plasmon resonance effect in smart windows","volume":"6","author":"Ta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tungsten"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4059","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-2916.2007.02065.x","article-title":"Near infrared absorption of tungsten oxide nanoparticle dispersions","volume":"90","author":"Takeda","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-9-294","article-title":"Facile fabrication of high-efficiency near-infrared absorption film with tungsten bronze nanoparticle dense layer","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-8-57","article-title":"Preparation and near-infrared photothermal conversion property of cesium tungsten oxide nanoparticles","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8050","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TC01411E","article-title":"The preparation of a high performance near-infrared shielding CsxWO3\/SiO2 composite resin coating and research on its optical stability under ultraviolet illumination","volume":"3","author":"Zeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssc.2010.08.017","article-title":"Microstructure and electrical\u2013optical properties of cesium tungsten oxides synthesized by solvothermal reaction followed by ammonia annealing","volume":"183","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2018.04.158","article-title":"Synthesis of CsxWO3 nanoparticles and their NIR shielding properties","volume":"44","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8227","DOI":"10.1039\/c0jm01972k","article-title":"Novel synthesis of homogenous CsxWO3 nanorods with excellent NIR shielding properties by a water controlled-release solvothermal process","volume":"20","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2016.12.022","article-title":"Effects of Mo-doping on microstructure and near-infrared shielding performance of hydrothermally prepared tungsten bronzes","volume":"399","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2021.11.187","article-title":"Influence of size and shape on optical properties of cesium tungsten bronze: An experimental and theoretical approach","volume":"48","author":"Chao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1504\/IJNT.2013.050889","article-title":"Microwave-assisted synthesis of CsxWO3 nanoparticle and its near-infrared absorbing properties","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.130023","article-title":"Passive energy-saving buildings realized by the combination of transparent heat-shielding glass and energy storage cement","volume":"365","author":"Chao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1039\/b617536h","article-title":"What is a green solvent? A comprehensive framework for the environmental assessment of solvents","volume":"9","author":"Capello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Green Chem."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/15\/8\/627\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:18:08Z","timestamp":1760030288000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/15\/8\/627"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nano15080627"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano15080627","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]]}}}