{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:17:26Z","timestamp":1760059046515,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12204364","2022YFA1602701","12227806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12204364","2022YFA1602701","12227806"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12204364","2022YFA1602701","12227806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12204364","2022YFA1602701","12227806"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Major Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["12204364","2022YFA1602701","12227806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12204364","2022YFA1602701","12227806"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The low-symmetry Weyl semimetallic Td-phase WTe2 exhibits both a distinct out-of-plane damping torque (\u03c4DL) and exceptional charge\u2013spin interconversion efficiency enabled by strong spin-orbit coupling, positioning it as a prime candidate for spin\u2013orbit torque (SOT) applications in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Herein, we report on thickness-dependent unconventional out-of-plane \u03c4DL in chemically vapor-deposited (CVD) polycrystalline Td-WTe2 (t)\/Ni80Fe20\/MgO\/Ti (Td-WTN-t) heterostructures. Angle-resolved spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance measurements on the Td-WTN-12 structure showed significant spin Hall conductivities of \u03c3SH,y = 4.93 \u00d7 103 (\u210f\/2e)\u2009\u03a9\u22121m\u22121 and \u03c3SH,z = 0.81 \u00d7 103 (\u210f\/2e)\u2009\u03a9\u22121m\u22121, highlighting its potential for wafer-scale spin\u2013orbit torque device applications. Additionally, a detailed examination of magnetotransport properties in polycrystalline few-layer Td-WTe2 films as a function of thickness revealed a marked amplification of the out-of-plane magnetoresistance, which can be ascribed to the anisotropic nature of charge carrier scattering mechanisms within the material. Spin pumping measurements in Td-WTN-t heterostructures further revealed thickness-dependent spin transport properties of Td-WTe2, with damping analysis yielding an out-of-plane spin diffusion length of \u03bbSD \u2248 14 nm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15100762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T06:54:28Z","timestamp":1747724068000},"page":"762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Observation of Thickness-Modulated Out-of-Plane Spin\u2013Orbit Torque in Polycrystalline Few-Layer Td-WTe2 Film"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mingkun","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Refractories, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"},{"name":"School of Materials, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1382-9806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wancheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Refractories, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"},{"name":"School of Materials, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"You","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0468-6014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Refractories, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"},{"name":"School of Materials, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6636-0581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Refractories, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"},{"name":"School of Materials, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10309","article-title":"Perpendicular switching of a single ferromagnetic layer induced by in-plane current injection","volume":"476","author":"Miron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042406","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4863407","article-title":"Spin-orbit torque magnetization switching of a three-terminal perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction","volume":"104","author":"Cubukcu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. 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