{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:38:59Z","timestamp":1792805939753,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03pnv4752","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing prevalence of bacterial infections and the alarming rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have driven the need for innovative antimicrobial coatings for medical implants and biomaterials. However, implant surface properties, such as roughness, chemistry, and reactivity, critically influence biological interactions and must be engineered to ensure biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and sustained antibacterial activity. This review evaluates three principal categories of antimicrobial agents utilized in surface functionalization: metal\/metaloxide nanoparticles, antibiotics, and phytochemical compounds. Metal\/metaloxide-based coatings, especially those incorporating silver (Ag), zinc oxide (ZnO), and copper oxide (CuO), offer broad-spectrum antimicrobial efficacy through mechanisms such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and bacterial membrane disruption, with a reduced risk of resistance development. Antibiotic-based coatings enable localized drug delivery but often face limitations related to burst release, cytotoxicity, and diminishing effectiveness against multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. In contrast, phytochemical-derived coatings\u2014using bioactive plant compounds such as curcumin, eugenol, and quercetin\u2014present a promising, biocompatible, and sustainable alternative. These agents not only exhibit antimicrobial properties but also provide anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and osteogenic benefits, making them multifunctional tools for implant surface modification. The integration of these antimicrobial strategies aims to reduce bacterial adhesion, inhibit biofilm formation, and enhance tissue regeneration. By leveraging the synergistic effects of metal\/metaloxide nanoparticles, antibiotics, and phytochemicals, next-generation implant coatings hold the potential to significantly improve infection control and clinical outcomes in implant-based therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15131023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T09:29:01Z","timestamp":1751362141000},"page":"1023","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Advancements in Antimicrobial Surface Coatings Using Metal\/Metaloxide Nanoparticles, Antibiotics, and Phytochemicals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8217-3007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Preetha","family":"Ebenezer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0369-4776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. P. S. N. Buddhika Sampath","family":"Kumara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"},{"name":"Australian Research Council Training Centre for Multiscale 3D Imaging, Modelling, and Manufacturing, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7746-7069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. W. M. A. Ishantha","family":"Senevirathne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"},{"name":"Australian Research Council Training Centre for Multiscale 3D Imaging, Modelling, and Manufacturing, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1174-0018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura J.","family":"Bray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4381-7382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phurpa","family":"Wangchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD 4878, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8782-1981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asha","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"},{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, QLD 4300, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7026-4795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prasad K. D. V.","family":"Yarlagadda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"},{"name":"Australian Research Council Training Centre for Multiscale 3D Imaging, Modelling, and Manufacturing, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"},{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, QLD 4300, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e00198-12","article-title":"Low levels of \u03b2-lactam antibiotics induce extracellular DNA release and biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"3","author":"Kaplan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. 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