{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T13:59:53Z","timestamp":1793195993687,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52402111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52402111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023AH040340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AH040340"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024CXYTT04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024CXYTT04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Educational Committee","award":["52402111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52402111"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Educational Committee","award":["2023AH040340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AH040340"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Educational Committee","award":["2024CXYTT04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024CXYTT04"]}]},{"name":"Research and Industry-Academia Collaboration Team on Nanoscale Anti-corrosion Coatings","award":["52402111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52402111"]}]},{"name":"Research and Industry-Academia Collaboration Team on Nanoscale Anti-corrosion Coatings","award":["2023AH040340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AH040340"]}]},{"name":"Research and Industry-Academia Collaboration Team on Nanoscale Anti-corrosion Coatings","award":["2024CXYTT04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024CXYTT04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The long-term reliability of vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) is constrained by the barrier film degradation caused by micro-cracks during the flanging process. However, the correlation mechanism between process parameters and microleakage remains unclear. This study systematically investigates the impact of the number of flanging cycles on the barrier properties and insulation failure of aluminum foil composite film (AF) and metallized polyester film (MF). Accelerated aging tests revealed that the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of MF surged by 340% after five flanging cycles, while its oxygen transmission rate (OTR) increased by 22%. In contrast, AF exhibited significantly increased gas permeability due to brittle fracture of its aluminum layer. Thermal conductivity measurements demonstrated that VIPs subjected to \u22655 flanging cycles experienced a thermal conductivity increase of 5.22 mW\/(m\u00b7K) after 30 days of aging, representing a 7.1-fold rise compared to unbent samples. MF primarily failed through interfacial delamination, whereas AF failed predominantly via aluminum layer fracture. This divergence stems from the substantial difference in mechanical properties between the metal and the polymer substrate. The study proposes optimizing the flanging process (\u22643 bending cycles) and establishes a micro-crack propagation prediction model using X-ray computed tomography (CT). These findings provide crucial theoretical and technical foundations for enhancing VIP manufacturing precision and extending service life, holding significant practical value for energy-saving applications in construction and cryogenic fields.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15161231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T15:51:02Z","timestamp":1755013862000},"page":"1231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Degradation Mechanisms in Metallized Barrier Films for Vacuum Insulation Panels Subjected to Flanging-Induced Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hefei Technology College, Hefei 230012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Advanced Batteries, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Advanced Batteries, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhibin","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Department, Advanced Research Center, Hefei Hualing Co., Ltd., Hefei 230000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Department, Advanced Research Center, Hefei Hualing Co., Ltd., Hefei 230000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ningning","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Advanced Batteries, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"24050221","article-title":"Factors affecting the thermal conductivity of vacuum-insulated panels: A review","volume":"39","author":"Rong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsep.2024.102415","article-title":"Vacuum insulation panels for high-temperature applications\u2014Design principles, challenges and pathways","volume":"48","author":"Kaushik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Therm. Sci. Eng. Prog."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2022.07.015","article-title":"Vacuum insulation arrays as damage-resilient thermal superinsulation materials for energy saving","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrefrig.2019.12.007","article-title":"Vacuum insulation panels for refrigerators","volume":"112","author":"Verma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Refrig."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2012.09.004","article-title":"Mass transfer modeling in gas barrier envelopes for vacuum insulation panels: A review","volume":"55","author":"Bouquerel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2024.113599","article-title":"Double envelope vacuum insulation panel to contribute to the long-term thermal insulation performance","volume":"229","author":"Katsura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2019.109699","article-title":"The impact of vacuum degree and barrier envelope on thermal property and service life of vacuum insulation panels","volume":"209","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2020.107337","article-title":"Residual gas analysis in vacuum insulation panel (VIP) with glass fiber core and investigation of getter for VIP","volume":"186","author":"Di","year":"2020","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2568","article-title":"Quasi-ballistic thermal transport from nanoscale interfaces observedusing ultrafast coherent soft x-ray beams","volume":"9","author":"Siemens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, M., Yang, L., Chen, Z., Kan, A., Chen, S., He, T., and Zhang, J. (2023). Impacts investigation of gas barrier on effective thermal conductivity and service life of vacuum insulation panel. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44929-3"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2015.02.006","article-title":"Degradation of VIP barrier envelopes exposed to alkaline solution at different temperatures","volume":"93","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1177\/1744259111398635","article-title":"Aging effects on thermal properties and service life of vacuum insulation panels","volume":"35","author":"Wegger","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Build. Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2014.03.027","article-title":"Numerical examination of thermal bridging effects at the edges of vacuum-insulation-panels (VIP) in various constructions","volume":"85","author":"Christoph","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2020.114980","article-title":"Numerical analysis and experimental investigation on thermal bridge effect of vacuum insulation panel","volume":"169","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.09.013","article-title":"Investigation of gas permeation through Al-metallized film for vacuum insulation panels","volume":"56","author":"Jung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Tran."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2018.10.125","article-title":"On the Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD): Evolution of Magnetron Sputtering Processes for Industrial Applications","volume":"17","author":"Baptista","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2014.12.003","article-title":"M\u00fcller-Meskamp, L. Thickness dependent barrier performance of permeation barriers made from atomic layer deposited alumina for organic devices","volume":"17","author":"Klumbies","year":"2015","journal-title":"Org. Electron."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/15583724.2017.1394323","article-title":"Recent Updates on the Barrier Properties of Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer (EVOH): A Review","volume":"58","author":"Maes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7597","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.3c01026","article-title":"Crystallization Kinetics of Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer Revealed by Fast Scanning Chip Calorimetry Analysis","volume":"56","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9817","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.4c01666","article-title":"High-Temperature Multilayer Composite Films of Polyethylene\/Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol with Enhanced Flexural Moduli and Gas Barrier Properties","volume":"6","author":"Dargahi","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195404","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/41\/19\/195404","article-title":"Thickness dependent fatigue life at microcrack nucleation for metal thin films on flexible substrates","volume":"41","author":"Sun","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2014.06.054","article-title":"Studies on the barrier performance and adhesion strength of novel barrier films for vacuum insulation panels","volume":"85","author":"Oliver","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412501","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ad64db","article-title":"Advancements in atomic-scale interface engineering for flexible electronics: Enhancing flexibility and durability","volume":"35","author":"Di","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2025.106328","article-title":"Correlation of the interfacial properties and mechanical performance of hard-soft composites: A molecular dynamics perspective","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surf. Interface"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1109\/TCPMT.2010.2100911","article-title":"Experimental and Analytical Studies on the High Cycle Fatigue of Thin Film Metal on PET Substrate for Flexible Electronics Applications","volume":"1","author":"Khalid","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Compon. Packag. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2005.08.004","article-title":"Experimental and numerical investigation of the thermal performance of a protected vacuum-insulation system applied to a concrete wall","volume":"83","author":"Nussbaumer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Energ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3110","DOI":"10.1002\/app.31372","article-title":"Influence of structural feature of aluminum coatings on mechanical and water barrier properties of metallized PET films","volume":"115","author":"Yrieix","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2005.03.027","article-title":"Influence of substrate additives on the mechanical properties of ultrathin oxide coatings on poly(ethylene terephthalate)","volume":"200","author":"Rochat","year":"2005","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2008.11.089","article-title":"Permeation barrier properties of thin oxide films on flexible polymer substrates","volume":"517","author":"Fahlteich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/15\/16\/1231\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:26:01Z","timestamp":1760034361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/15\/16\/1231"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nano15161231"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano15161231","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]}}}