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The results indicated that the surface pressure\u2013area isotherms of the DPPC monolayers shifted toward lower molecular areas, and the compression modulus was reduced in the presence of CNs, hindering the ability of the DPPC monolayers to reduce the surface tension. The relaxation process of the DPPC monolayers were influenced, and the surface morphology and the continuity of the monolayers were destroyed by the penetration of CNs into the DPPC monolayers. The molecular dynamics simulation revealed that particle incorporation into the DPPC monolayers reduced the packing density of the DPPC molecules, worsening the mechanical performance of the monolayers. This effect was attributed to the strong binding trend between the CNs and the DPPC molecules. These results demonstrated that CNs could alter the relaxation mechanisms of the PS film, and this may cause a modification of the inhaled particle transport at the PS film and contribute to adverse health effects in the respiratory system of workers involved in the CN production process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15161244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T14:51:46Z","timestamp":1755183106000},"page":"1244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluating the Impact of Carbon Nanoparticles on the Interfacial Properties of the Pulmonary Surfactant Film"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yingxue","family":"Geng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Xichang University, Xichang 615013, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junfeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Xichang University, Xichang 615013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunshan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Xichang University, Xichang 615013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenshi","family":"Gou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Xichang University, Xichang 615013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linfeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Senlin","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2023.118354","article-title":"Bioinspired Polydopamine-Sheathed Carbon Nanotubes as Environmentally Safe, Efficient, and Durable Adsorbents for Organic Pollutant Capturing via Hydrogen Bonding","volume":"214","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6644","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b03569","article-title":"Accelerating the Translation of Nanomaterials in Biomedicine","volume":"9","author":"Mitragotri","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15401","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-08036-4","article-title":"Comparing in Vitro Cytotoxicity of Graphite, Short Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, and Long Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes","volume":"27","author":"Azari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. 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