{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T16:47:28Z","timestamp":1793206048912,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province","award":["2024SF-YBXM-578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024SF-YBXM-578"]}]},{"name":"Young Talent Support Plan of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","award":["2024SF-YBXM-578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024SF-YBXM-578"]}]},{"name":"Instrumental Analysis Center of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","award":["2024SF-YBXM-578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024SF-YBXM-578"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Developing photocatalysts with both high efficiency and reaction pathway selectivity is essential for achieving efficient and sustainable CO2 conversion. By incorporating sulphur vacancies into MoS2, an S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst (MoS2-SVs\/g-C3N4) was developed, achieving efficient and selective CO2 photoreduction to CH3OH. The structural and photoelectronic characterisation of the system shows that the heterogeneous interface between MoS2 and g-C3N4 is in close contact. The introduction of SVs effectively modulates the electronic structure and surface activity of MoS2, which in turn enhances the CO2 reduction performance. Optical and electronic structure analyses reveal that the heterojunction promotes favourable band alignment and interfacial electric potential gradients, which together suppress charge recombination and enhance directional carrier separation. Under irradiation, the MoS2-SVs\/g-C3N4 photocatalyst exhibited outstanding photocatalytic CH3OH production with a yield of 10.06 \u03bcmol\u00b7h\u22121\u00b7g\u22121, significantly surpassing the performance of control samples while demonstrating excellent product selectivity and remarkable stability. Mechanistic studies further verify that vacancy-induced energy band modulation with Fermi energy level enhancement significantly reduces the multi-electron transfer barrier, thus preferentially driving the CH3OH generation pathway. This work proposes a universal structural design strategy that synergistically coordinates vacancy engineering with band structure modulation, establishing both theoretical principles and practical methodologies for developing selective multi-electron CO2 reduction systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15171294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T07:41:45Z","timestamp":1755848505000},"page":"1294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Band Engineering Induced by Sulphur Vacancies in MoS2\/g-C3N4 or Selective CO2 Photoreduction to CH3OH"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Shicheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junbo","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7975-4862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Na","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qulan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56101-8","article-title":"Sun-simulated-driven production of high-purity methanol from carbon dioxide","volume":"16","author":"Jiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2022.122137","article-title":"Dual-site activation of H2 over Cu\/ZnAl2O4 boosting CO2 hydrogenation to methanol","volume":"322","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10547","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.3c01683","article-title":"Identifying Catalyst Property Descriptors for CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol via Big-Data Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2024.132587","article-title":"CO2 hydrogenation to methanol on efficient Pd modified \u03b1-MoC1\u2212x catalysts","volume":"375","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215148","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202215148","article-title":"A Derivative of ZnIn2S4 Nanosheet Supported Pd Boosts Selective CO2 Hydrogenation","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2024.124054","article-title":"Mechanistic exploration in controlling the product selectivity via metals in TiO2 for photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction","volume":"352","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ. Energy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/s41570-021-00289-y","article-title":"Highlights and challenges in the selective reduction of carbon dioxide to methanol","volume":"5","author":"Virginie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.1589","article-title":"The chemistry of two-dimensional layered transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets","volume":"5","author":"Chhowalla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2024.04.220","article-title":"Transition metal dichalcogenides-based catalysts for CO2 conversion: An updated review","volume":"68","author":"Khaidar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.137485","article-title":"Regulating photocatalytic CO2 reduction selectivity via steering cascade multi-step charge transfer pathways in 1 T\/2H-WS2\/TiO2 heterojuncitons","volume":"447","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7825","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52291-9","article-title":"Supported Au single atoms and nanoparticles on MoS2 for highly selective CO2-to-CH3COOH photoreduction","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301381","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202301381","article-title":"Room Temperature Exsolution of Cds Nanodots on A-site Deficient Cotton-Ball Like Titanate Perovskite Nanoparticles for H2 Production Under Visible Light","volume":"13","author":"Chattopadhyay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2024.06.128","article-title":"Insights into the function of metallic 1T phase tungsten disulfide as cocatalyst decorated zinc indium sulfide for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production activity","volume":"673","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-021-00584-3","article-title":"Sulfur vacancy-rich MoS2 as a catalyst for the hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol","volume":"4","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Catal."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.152729","article-title":"Enhance photocatalytic CO2 reduction and biomass selective oxidation via sulfur vacancy-enriched S-scheme heterojunction of MoS2@GCN","volume":"493","author":"Ling","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2024.109863","article-title":"Enhanced CO2 photoreduction to CH4 via * COOH and * CHO intermediates stabilization by synergistic effect of implanted P and S vacancy in thin-film SnS2","volume":"128","author":"Mamo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2021.120498","article-title":"Effect of S vacancy in Cu3SnS4 on high selectivity and activity of photocatalytic CO2 reduction","volume":"297","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Luo, M., Sun, Y., Xiao, L., and Wu, W. (2025). Constructing Mo2C\/MoS2 heterojunction nanostructure as outstanding catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation. J. Ind. Eng. Chem.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2025.05.019"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2406925","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202406925","article-title":"Directed Inward Migration of S-Vacancy in Bi2S3 QDs for Selective Photocatalytic CO2 to CH3OH","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2021.149925","article-title":"Bridge sulfur vacancies in MoS2 catalyst for reverse water gas shift: A first-principles study","volume":"561","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2024.124658","article-title":"Tip-like copper sites on high curvature supports for non-covalent to covalent interaction tuning in CO2 photoreduction","volume":"361","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ. Energy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2019.04.037","article-title":"Artificial photosynthesis of ethanol using type-II g-C3N4\/ZnTe heterojunction in photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction system","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10399","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.5c00395","article-title":"Efficient Photocatalytic CO2 Conversion to CO and CH4 by a rGO-Bridged g-C3N4\/MoS2 Indirect Z-Scheme Heterojunction","volume":"64","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413830","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202413830","article-title":"Efficient Charge and Proton Balance Enabled by a 2D\/2D S-Scheme Heterojunction with a Nanochamber Design for Better Synergy of Photocatalytic CO2 Methanation and Benzylamine Oxidation","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huu, H.T., Thi, M.D.N., Nguyen, V.P., Thi, L.N., Phan, T.T.T., Hoang, Q.D., Luc, H.H., Kim, S.J., and Vo, V. (2021). One-pot synthesis of S-scheme MoS2\/g-C3N4 heterojunction as effective visible light photocatalyst. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94129-0"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"5741","article-title":"Construction of Ru Single-Atoms on Ceria to Reform the Products of CO2 Photoreduction","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2023.109545","article-title":"Synergistic effect of cocatalyst and S-scheme heterojunction over 2D\/2D g-C3N4\/MoS2 heterostructure coupled Cu nanoparticles for selective photocatalytic CO2 reduction to CO under visible light irradiation","volume":"11","author":"Bashal","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8965","DOI":"10.1021\/la502033t","article-title":"High Efficiency Photocatalysis for Pollutant Degradation with MoS2\/C3N4 Heterostructures","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, P., Sun, R., Xiao, L., and Wu, W. (2022). Exploring the Effects of the Interaction of Carbon and MoS2 Catalyst on CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095220"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b18835","article-title":"g-C3N4\/NiAl-LDH 2D\/2D Hybrid Heterojunction for High-Performance Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 into Renewable Fuels","volume":"10","author":"Tonda","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23371","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b07153","article-title":"MoS2 Nanosheets Functionalized Composite Mixed Matrix Membrane for Enhanced CO2 Capture via Surface Drop-Coating Method","volume":"8","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5917","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c01124","article-title":"Layer-Spacing-Enlarged MoS2 Superstructural Nanotubes with Further Enhanced Catalysis and Immobilization for Li-S Batteries","volume":"14","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11302","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b04979","article-title":"Photocatalytic Stability of Single- and Few-Layer MoS2","volume":"9","author":"Parzinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2024.126712","article-title":"In situ growth of semiconducting 1T\/3R-MoS2 nanosheets on spindle Mil88a as a novel heterostructure for outstanding photocatalytic performance","volume":"339","author":"Omar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15155","DOI":"10.1039\/C8DT02901F","article-title":"Z-Scheme MoS2\/g-C3N4 heterojunction for efficient visible light photocatalytic CO2 reduction","volume":"47","author":"Qin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b00001","article-title":"CO2-Induced Phase Engineering: Protocol for Enhanced Photoelectrocatalytic Performance of 2D MoS2 Nanosheets","volume":"10","author":"Qi","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"High-efficiency conversion of CO2 to fuel over ZnO\/g-C3N4 photocatalyst","volume":"168","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B-Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2015.03.045","article-title":"Sulfur-doped g-C3N4 with enhanced photocatalytic CO2-reduction performance","volume":"176","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B-Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, R., Kim, J., Do, J.Y., Seo, M.W., and Kang, M. (2019). Carbon Dioxide Photoreduction on the Bi2S3\/MoS2 Catalyst. Catalysts, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal9120998"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2020.147891","article-title":"CeO2\/3D g-C3N4 heterojunction deposited with Pt cocatalyst for enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction","volume":"537","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcat.2017.02.005","article-title":"Facet effect of Pd cocatalyst on photocatalytic CO2 reduction over g-C3N4","volume":"349","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3731","DOI":"10.1039\/C5EE03088A","article-title":"Importance of the hydrogen route in up-scaling electrosynthesis for microbial CO2 reduction","volume":"8","author":"Blanchet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11563","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ta12433a","article-title":"ZIF-8\/Zn2GeO4 nanorods with an enhanced CO2 adsorption property in an aqueous medium for photocatalytic synthesis of liquid fuel","volume":"1","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2015.01.044","article-title":"ZnO-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites as efficient photocatalysts for photocatalytic reduction of CO2","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48411","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA06828A","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of SrTiO3\u2013ZnTe nanocomposites for the visible-light photoconversion of carbon dioxide to methane","volume":"4","author":"Ehsan","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2017.04.009","article-title":"Enhanced photocatalytic conversion of greenhouse gas CO2 into solar fuels over g-C3N4 nanotubes with decorated transparent ZIF-8 nanoclusters","volume":"211","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3834","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b00058","article-title":"Confinement of Ultrasmall Cu\/ZnOx Nanoparticles in Metal\u2013Organic Frameworks for Selective Methanol Synthesis from Catalytic Hydrogenation of CO2","volume":"139","author":"An","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2014.09.079","article-title":"Novel nanostructured-TiO2 materials for the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 greenhouse gas to hydrocarbons and syngas","volume":"149","author":"Akhter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19339","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.0c09599","article-title":"Photoinduction of Cu Single Atoms Decorated on UiO-66-NH2 for Enhanced Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to Liquid Fuels","volume":"142","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2014.04.004","article-title":"Preparation and characterizations of Cu2O\/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites with high photo-catalytic performances","volume":"261","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2017.01.171","article-title":"Facile synthesis of MoS2\/Bi2WO6 nanocomposites for enhanced CO2 photoreduction activity under visible light irradiation","volume":"403","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6101","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CS00314A","article-title":"Synthesis, properties, and optoelectronic applications of two-dimensional MoS2 and MoS2-based heterostructures","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145701","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ab61ce","article-title":"Size-dependent optical properties of MoS2 nanoparticles and their photo-catalytic applications","volume":"31","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2025.04.038","article-title":"Switching the product selectivity from methane to methanol in CO2 hydrogenation via Cu-modified vacancy engineering at MoS2 edge sites","volume":"108","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Energy Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.06.059","article-title":"Phosphorylation of g-C3N4 for enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction","volume":"304","author":"Ye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s41403-021-00201-6","article-title":"CO2 Reduction to Methanol Using a Conjugated Organic-Inorganic Hybrid TiO2-C3N4 NanoAssembly","volume":"6","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans. Indian Natl. Acad. Eng."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603938","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201603938","article-title":"Hierarchical Porous O-Doped g-C3N4 with Enhanced Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Activity","volume":"13","author":"Fu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b03168","article-title":"MoS2 Nanoflowers as a Gateway for Solar-Driven CO2 Photoreduction","volume":"7","author":"Meier","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcou.2017.07.021","article-title":"Adsorption investigation of CO2 on g-C3N4 surface by DFT calculation","volume":"21","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. CO2 Util."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2025.162339","article-title":"Tuning covalent bonding of single transition metal atom doped in S vacant MoS2 for catalytic CO2 reduction reaction product selectivity","volume":"688","author":"Mano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2024.11.107","article-title":"UV-visible-infrared light driven photothermal synergistic catalytic reduction of CO2 over Cs3Bi2Br9\/MoS2 S-scheme photocatalyst","volume":"680","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2020.127560","article-title":"In-situ construction of urchin-like hierarchical g-C3N4\/NiAl-LDH hybrid for efficient photoreduction of CO2","volume":"268","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.5757\/ASCT.2023.32.2.48","article-title":"Electrochemical CO2 Reduction over a MoS2\/Mo Electrode","volume":"32","author":"Hwang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Sci. Converg. Technol."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/15\/17\/1294\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:33:27Z","timestamp":1760034807000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/15\/17\/1294"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nano15171294"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano15171294","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]}}}