{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T23:34:14Z","timestamp":1788910454404,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Global food security is challenged by population growth and the environmental toll of conventional fertilizers. Enhancing biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in legumes like soybean (Glycine max) is a sustainable fertilization alternative. This study investigates a graphitic carbon nitride\/iron oxide (Fe2O3\/g\u2013C3N4 or FC) nanocomposite as a dual\u2013functional fertilizer to improve iron (Fe) nutrition and BNF in soybeans. A pot experiment was conducted using different FC concentrations (10, 100, and 200 mg kg\u22121), alongside controls. Results showed that the 100 mg kg\u22121 FC treatment (FC2) was most effective, significantly increasing soybean biomass, nodule number, and nodule fresh weight. The FC2 treatment also enhanced photosynthetic rates and chlorophyll content (SPAD values) while reducing stomatal conductance and transpiration, indicating improved water\u2013use efficiency. Furthermore, FC application bolstered the plant\u2019s antioxidant system by increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD). Elemental analysis confirmed that FC treatments significantly increased the uptake and translocation of Fe and nitrogen (N) in plant tissues. These findings demonstrate that the FC nanocomposite acts as a highly effective nanofertilizer, simultaneously addressing iron deficiency and boosting nitrogen fixation to promote soybean growth. This work highlights its potential as a sustainable solution to enhance crop productivity and nutrient use efficiency in modern agriculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15181453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T08:37:39Z","timestamp":1758530259000},"page":"1453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Iron\u2013Integrated Nitrogen\u2013Rich Nanocarriers Boost Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation and Growth in Soybean (Glycine max)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Taiming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Professor Workstation in Wuqiang, China Agricultural University, Wuqiang 053300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weichen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco\u2013Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2951-0851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammed","family":"Nadeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Professor Workstation in Wuqiang, China Agricultural University, Wuqiang 053300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usama","family":"Zaheer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Professor Workstation in Wuqiang, China Agricultural University, Wuqiang 053300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2256-8804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukui","family":"Rui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Professor Workstation in Wuqiang, China Agricultural University, Wuqiang 053300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2014.01.013","article-title":"Soy proteins: A review on composition, aggregation and emulsification","volume":"39","author":"Nishinari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14761","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c02783","article-title":"Molybdenum Nanofertilizer Boosts Biological Nitrogen Fixation and Yield of Soybean through Delaying Nodule Senescence and Nutrition Enhancement","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2022.108089","article-title":"Global meta\u2013analysis of nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency in rice, wheat and maize","volume":"338","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric. 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