{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:37:44Z","timestamp":1792024664492,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"General Research Projects of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department","award":["Y202454907"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y202454907"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2024QB122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2024QB122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research Program of Qilu Institute of Technology","award":["QIT23TP011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QIT23TP011"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["22405229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22405229"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) is a key process for direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs), offering a high-energy-density and carbon-neutral pathway for sustainable energy conversion. However, the practical implementation of DEFCs is significantly hindered by the EOR due to its sluggish kinetics, complex multi-electron transfer pathways, and severe catalyst poisoning by carbonaceous intermediates. This review provides a comprehensive and mechanistically grounded overview of recent advances in EOR electrocatalysts, with a particular emphasis on the structure\u2013activity relationships of noble metals (Pt, Pd, Rh, Au) and non-noble metals. The effects of catalyst composition, surface structure, and electronic configuration on C\u2013C bond cleavage efficiency, product selectivity (C1 vs. C2), and CO tolerance are critically evaluated. Special attention is given to the mechanistic distinctions among different metal systems, highlighting how these factors influence reaction pathways and catalytic behavior. Key performance-enhancing strategies\u2014including alloying, nanostructuring, surface defect engineering, and support interactions\u2014are systematically discussed, with mechanistic insights supported by in situ characterization and theoretical modeling. Finally, this review identifies major challenges and emerging opportunities, outlining rational design principles for next-generation EOR catalysts that integrate high activity, durability, and scalability for real-world DEFC applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15191477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T15:25:59Z","timestamp":1758900359000},"page":"1477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Strategic Design of Ethanol Oxidation Catalysts: From Active Metal Selection to Mechanistic Insights and Performance Engineering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7174-1570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Di","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Life and Health Sciences, Huzhou College, Huzhou 313000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingqing","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dahai","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan 250200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenhui","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Life and Health Sciences, Huzhou College, Huzhou 313000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuchang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Life and Health Sciences, Huzhou College, Huzhou 313000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan 250200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suqin","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan 250200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7309-5539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui-Zi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6305-2078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yufeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zero-Carbon Energy Development and System Integration, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1929-9351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liwei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan 250200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.1149\/1.1488651","article-title":"A historical perspective of fuel cell technology in the 20th century","volume":"149","author":"Perry","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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