{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:12:14Z","timestamp":1790741534198,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Second Century Fund (C2F), Chulalongkorn University"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004704","name":"The National Research Council of Thailand","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Liposomes, nanoscale vesicles with distinct structural and functional properties, are widely utilized in drug delivery due to their biocompatibility and ability to encapsulate diverse therapeutic agents. Effective sterilization is essential to ensure the safety and efficacy of liposomal formulations in biomedical applications, yet its impact on liposome integrity and functionality remains inadequately studied. This work systematically evaluates the effects of three sterilization methods: autoclaving, UV radiation, and filtration\u2014on liposomes composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC), two phospholipids differing in lipid chain length. Sterilization altered liposome properties in a lipid chain length-dependent manner, affecting particle size, zeta potential, and phospholipid content. Filtration caused significant hydrocarbon loss, confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy, and led to a higher reduction in phospholipid content in DPPC liposomes compared to DSPC liposomes. Biological evaluations showed that autoclaved and UV-irradiated DPPC liposomes exhibited higher cytotoxic and lower stability than their DSPC counterparts. While autoclaving and UV irradiation resulted in minimal chemical alterations, both methods significantly influenced biological properties. Filtration, although less disruptive to biocompatibility, also reduced key liposomal integrity and efficacy. This study underscores the critical importance of post-sterilization evaluation to optimize liposomal formulations for clinical and biomedical use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15191478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T10:49:34Z","timestamp":1759142974000},"page":"1478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Sterilization Effects on Liposomes with Varying Lipid Chains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1782-0307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarocha","family":"Cherdchom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Preventive and Integrative Medicine (CE-PIM), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3818-9761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krit","family":"Pongpirul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Preventive and Integrative Medicine (CE-PIM), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, School of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok 10110, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natchanon","family":"Rimsueb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Klong Nueng, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2956-9132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prompong","family":"Pienpinijtham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amornpun","family":"Sereemaspun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Nanomedicine, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Chen, Y., Guo, J., and Huang, Q. 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