{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T05:09:35Z","timestamp":1791954575202,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2020M670801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M670801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3132025196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3132025196"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Catalysis in DICP CAS","award":["N-19-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N-19-07"]}]},{"name":"The Ministry of Education\u2019s Industry-University-Research Collaborative Education Project","award":["240224070201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["240224070201"]}]},{"name":"Experimental Education Reform Project of Dalian Maritime University","award":["syq2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["syq2024"]}]},{"name":"2024 Basic scientific Research Projects of colleges and universities of Liaoning Province Education Department","award":["LJ212410151017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LJ212410151017"]}]},{"name":"2024 Basic scientific Research Projects of colleges and universities of Liaoning Province Education Department","award":["LJ212410151018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LJ212410151018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is a key technology for achieving carbon neutrality and efficient utilization of renewable energy, capable of converting CO2 into high-value-added carbon-based fuels and chemicals. Copper (Cu)-based catalysts have attracted significant attention due to their unique performance in generating multi-carbon (C2+) products such as ethylene and ethanol; however, there are still many controversies regarding their complex reaction mechanisms, active sites, and the dynamic evolution of intermediates. In situ Raman spectroscopy, with its high surface sensitivity, applicability in aqueous environments, and precise detection of molecular vibration modes, has become a powerful tool for studying the structural evolution of Cu catalysts and key reaction intermediates during CO2RR. This article reviews the principles of electrochemical in situ Raman spectroscopy and its latest developments in the study of CO2RR on Cu-based catalysts, focusing on its applications in monitoring the dynamic structural changes of the catalyst surface (such as Cu+, Cu0, and Cu2+ oxide species) and identifying key reaction intermediates (such as *CO, *OCCO(*O=C-C=O), *COOH, etc.). Numerous studies have shown that Cu-based oxide precursors undergo rapid reduction and surface reconstruction under CO2RR conditions, resulting in metallic Cu nanoclusters with unique crystal facets and particle size distributions. These oxide-derived active sites are considered crucial for achieving high selectivity toward C2+ products. Time-resolved Raman spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) techniques have further revealed the dynamic characteristics of local pH changes at the electrode\/electrolyte interface and the adsorption behavior of intermediates, providing molecular-level insights into the mechanisms of selectivity control in CO2RR. However, technical challenges such as weak signal intensity, laser-induced damage, and background fluorescence interference, and opportunities such as coupling high-precision confocal Raman technology with in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy or synchrotron radiation Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in researching the mechanisms of CO2RR are also put forward.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15191517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T07:57:27Z","timestamp":1759478247000},"page":"1517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["In Situ Raman Spectroscopy Reveals Structural Evolution and Key Intermediates on Cu-Based Catalysts for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jinchao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1232-5294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Honglin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Dahua Apparatus Manufacture Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2983-0433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunqi","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9608-9662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aiyi","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2023.123811","article-title":"Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 into Formate\/Formic Acid: A Review of Cell Design and Operation","volume":"316","author":"Ewis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sep. 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