{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T19:58:55Z","timestamp":1790452735585,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Centre (NRC), Egypt"},{"name":"Center for Preclinical Research and Technology-CePT II","award":["RPMA.01.01.00-14-8476\/17-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RPMA.01.01.00-14-8476\/17-04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Natural compounds, including ellagic acid (ELG), are promising anticancer agents with low adverse effects. In this paper, we test in vitro the effectiveness of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) as an ELG carrier against colon cancer. Methods: We produced MSNs functionalized with triptycene (TRP) and loaded with ELG, further called MSNTRPELG nanoformulation. The nanoformulation contained over 11 wt.% TRP and approximately 25 wt.% ELG in the mesoporous structure and on the surface of particles. It was assessed for anticancer effects against two colon cancer cells: HCT-116 and HT-29 for treatment with up to 200 \u00b5M. Results: Comparing to free ELG, we have shown a three times higher cancer inhibition. The lowest IC50 values were for HCT-116 (88.1 \u00b1 0.1 \u00b5M) and HT-29 (77.6 \u00b1 0.1 \u00b5M). When treated with free ELG, the values were 187.1 \u00b1 0.1 \u00b5M and 300.0 \u00b1 0.1 \u00b5M, respectively. MSNTRPELG enhanced apoptosis primarily by activating caspase-3, p53, and Bax while downregulating Bcl-2 in HCT-116 and HT-29 cells. It also inhibited receptor tyrosine kinases (HER2 and VEGFR2). Preliminary Western blot observations suggest suppression of B-RAF, C-RAF, and K-RAS oncogenes, with stronger inhibition by the nanoformulation than by free ELG. Conclusions: This work highlights the potential of MSNs to enhance the efficacy of natural prodrugs, particularly ELG, in cancer therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15201547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T12:32:47Z","timestamp":1760099567000},"page":"1547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Enhanced Killing of Colon Cancer Cells by Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Loaded with Ellagic Acid"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8413-6738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled","family":"AbouAitah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Behouth Street, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amr","family":"Nassrallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Basic Applied Science Institute, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), New Borg El-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt"},{"name":"Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A. F.","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Behouth Street, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Swiderska-Sroda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nanostructures and Nanomedicine, Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska 29\/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadeusz","family":"Chudoba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nanostructures and Nanomedicine, Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska 29\/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1460-7861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julita","family":"Smalc-Koziorowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Semiconductor Characterization, Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska 29\/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7251-7231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beom Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8521-0688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Witold","family":"\u0141ojkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nanostructures and Nanomedicine, Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska 29\/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s13659-020-00293-7","article-title":"Natural Products in Cancer Therapy: Past, Present and Future","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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