{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T22:28:12Z","timestamp":1790116092227,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia","award":["KFU253750"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFU253750"]}]},{"name":"King Faisal University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Hepatotoxicity remains a major therapeutic challenge driven by oxidative stress and inflammation. This study investigated the hepatoprotective potential of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles derived from ethanolic garlic peel extract (GPE-Ag) against pyrogallol-induced liver injury. Methods: Adult rats were randomly assigned into four groups: a control group, a pyrogallol-treated group, a group receiving GPE-Ag nanoparticles (50 mg\/kg, orally) for 28 days, and GPE-Ag + pyrogallol co-treated. Results: The garlic peel extract was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), revealing high levels of phenolic acids (66.83 \u00b5g\/g) and flavonoids (59.81 \u00b5g\/g), predominantly ellagic, gallic, and syringic acids, along with kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin. The synthesized GPE-Ag nanoparticles were characterized using UV\u2013Vis spectroscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM and SEM), zeta potential, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). GPE-Ag treatment markedly attenuated pyrogallol-induced hepatic injury by reducing serum liver enzyme levels, lipid peroxidation, and proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-\u03baB), while enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), as well as the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). Histological examination further confirmed the restoration of normal hepatic architecture. Conclusion: This study provides the first evidence that garlic peel\u2013derived silver nanoparticles exert potent hepatoprotective effects through redox homeostasis restoration and modulation of the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway. These findings highlight GPE-Ag as a promising, sustainable nanotherapeutic candidate for managing chemically induced liver injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15211610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T01:14:02Z","timestamp":1761182042000},"page":"1610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Green-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles from Garlic Peel Target NF-\u03baB and Redox Imbalance: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy Against Pyrogallol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5324-7117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duaa A.","family":"Althumairy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5818","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i40.5818","article-title":"Management of liver diseases: Current perspectives","volume":"28","author":"Ray","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3041","article-title":"The protective effects of rutin on the liver, kidneys, and heart by counteracting organ toxicity caused by synthetic and natural compounds","volume":"11","author":"Rahmani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saad-Hussein, A., and Ramadan, H.K.-A. (2023). Impacts of climate change on environmental toxins and pollutants causing liver health problems. 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