{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T17:56:38Z","timestamp":1779126998881,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Cell and Tissue Engineering Technology-Australian Research Council Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IC190100026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IC190100026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Queensland Institute of Technology, Brisbane, Australia"},{"name":"Stryker GmbH"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite advancements in surgical care, the management of surgical site infections (SSIs) associated with fracture-fixation devices is still a challenge after implant fixation, especially in open fractures. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common pathogen of SSIs and contaminates by penetrating the trauma itself (preoperatively) or during insertion of the fixation device (intraoperatively). A unique technology was developed to address this issue, consisting of an antibacterial surface obtained after depositing copper on a porous titanium oxide surface. This study aims to characterise and evaluate the in vitro bactericidal effect of this surface against S. aureus. Furthermore, the topography, elemental composition and other physicochemical properties of the copper coating were determined. In vitro assays have demonstrated a reduction of up to 5 log10 in the bacteria colonisation, and additional quantitative and qualitative methods further supported these observations. This study illustrates the antibacterial efficacy and killing mechanisms of the surface, therefore demonstrating its potential for minimising infection progression post-implantation in clinical scenarios and bringing important insights for the design of future in vivo evaluations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15221742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T11:17:27Z","timestamp":1763551047000},"page":"1742","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["In Vitro Antibacterial Efficacy of a New TiO2-Cu-Coated Titanium Surface for Biomedical Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mahalakshmi","family":"Pandian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia"},{"name":"School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4756-6266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sacha","family":"Cavelier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia"},{"name":"School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia"},{"name":"Max Planck Queensland Centre for the Materials Science of Extracellular Matrices, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Guttau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stryker Trauma GmbH, 24232 Sch\u00f6nkirchen, Germany"},{"name":"Department for Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of the Martin Luther University Halle, Universit\u00e4tsring 19\/20, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8928-5337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Cometta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia"},{"name":"Max Planck Queensland Centre for the Materials Science of Extracellular Matrices, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia"},{"name":"Australian Research Council Training Centre for Multiscale 3D Imaging, Modelling, and Manufacturing, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0129-359X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Fernando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Queensland Centre for the Materials Science of Extracellular Matrices, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8020-0788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Kobbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of the Martin Luther University Halle, Universit\u00e4tsring 19\/20, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany"},{"name":"Department for Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Klinikum Bergmannstrost Halle, 06112 Halle 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