{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T17:47:22Z","timestamp":1780595242401,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hungarian National Scientific Research Programmes","award":["OTKA K_143571"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OTKA K_143571"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian National Scientific Research Programmes","award":["OTKA PD_146326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OTKA PD_146326"]}]},{"name":"J\u00e1nos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences","award":["BO\/00276\/25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BO\/00276\/25"]}]},{"name":"CLEANWATER","award":["#101131382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#101131382"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund","award":["TKP2021-EGA-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP2021-EGA-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As the exposure of the aquatic ecosystem to graphene oxide (GO) increases with its growing production and use, understanding the structure\u2013property\u2013toxicity relationships becomes increasingly critical in the development of effective safe design guidelines. An appropriate testing methodology is crucial in ecotoxicity assessments to accurately characterize the environmentally relevant toxicity of nanoparticles, particularly for GO, where the physicochemical properties fundamentally determine their interactions and toxicity toward aquatic organisms. Many ecotoxicological methods require the heat sterilization of samples as a preliminary treatment prior to analysis. To investigate changes in toxicity profiles induced by wet heat sterilization pretreatments (autoclaving and Tyndall treatment) of a well-characterized GO product, a comprehensive ecotoxicological evaluation was performed with Daphnia magna. This included conventional lethality and immobilization tests, along with sublethal endpoints such as heart rate and feeding activity, supplemented with the analysis of oxidative stress biomarkers. Physicochemical alterations in GO due to sterilization were examined with dynamic light scattering, ultraviolet-visible, and thermogravimetry\/mass spectrometry. Sublethal endpoints were shown to be more sensitive indicators of toxicity than conventional methods, with feeding activity and heart rate inhibition demonstrating time and concentration-dependent effects. Heat-sterilized GOs exhibited greater ecotoxicity compared to pristine GO, as evidenced by elevated ROS levels and increased oxidative stress biomarkers (GPx and GST activities), implicating oxidative stress as a central mechanism of toxicity. Despite the subtle differences observed in the physicochemical properties, the impact of heat sterilization on toxicity is clear. Our research underscores the critical importance of adopting appropriate testing and evaluation methodologies for comparing GO ecotoxicity results under axenic and non-axenic conditions as well as a multimarker approach to accurately evaluate the risks posed by GO.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15231800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T08:49:22Z","timestamp":1764665362000},"page":"1800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pre-Experimental Wet Heat Sterilization Alters the Ecotoxicity of Pristine Graphene Oxide Toward Daphnia magna"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0757-1052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ildik\u00f3","family":"Fekete-Kert\u00e9sz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Group, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, M\u0171egyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7705-2074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Hajdin\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, M\u0171egyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4499-3983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krisztina","family":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surface Chemistry Group, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, M\u0171egyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6623-0672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Bul\u00e1tk\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surface Chemistry Group, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, M\u0171egyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktor","family":"Podhragyai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, M\u0171egyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benj\u00e1min S\u00e1ndor","family":"Gyarmati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soft Matters Group, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, M\u0171egyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2345-3611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"Moln\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, V\u00e1r Sqr. 2., H-9200 Mosonmagyar\u00f3v\u00e1r, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5296-7924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nika","family":"Moln\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Group, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, M\u0171egyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11458","article-title":"A roadmap for graphene","volume":"490","author":"Novoselov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malhotra, N., Villaflores, O.B., Audira, G., Siregar, P., Lee, J.S., Ger, T.R., and Hsiao, C.D. (2020). Toxicity studies on graphene-based nanomaterials in aquatic organisms: Current understanding. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25163618"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Graphene and its industrial applications\u2014A review","volume":"10","author":"Nassef","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fekete-Kert\u00e9sz, I., L\u00e1szl\u00f3, K., and Moln\u00e1r, M. (2023). Towards understanding the factors behind the limited integration of multispecies ecotoxicity assessment in environmental risk characterisation of graphene-family materials\u2014A bibliometric review. C, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202308.0483.v1"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-014-2817-0","article-title":"The ecotoxicity of graphene family materials: Current status, knowledge gaps and future needs","volume":"17","author":"Olszyna","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12001","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1583\/4\/1\/012001","article-title":"Ecotoxicological effects of graphene-based materials","volume":"4","author":"Montagner","year":"2016","journal-title":"2D Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.11.095","article-title":"Ecotoxicological effects of carbon based nanomaterials in aquatic organisms","volume":"619","author":"Freixa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3754","article-title":"Bioaccumulation, stress, and swimming impairment in Daphnia magna exposed to multiwalled carbon nanotubes, graphene, and graphene oxide","volume":"36","author":"Cano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fekete-Kert\u00e9sz, I., L\u00e1szl\u00f3, K., Terebesi, C., Gyarmati, B.S., Farah, S., M\u00e1rton, R., and Moln\u00e1r, M. (2020). Ecotoxicity assessment of graphene oxide by Daphnia magna through a multimarker approach from the molecular to the physiological level including behavioral changes. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10102048"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123027","article-title":"The environmental fate of graphene oxide in aquatic environment\u2014Complete mitigation of its acute toxicity to planktonic and benthic crustaceans by algae","volume":"399","author":"Malina","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b04339","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of 14C-labeled graphene in an aquatic food chain through direct uptake or trophic transfer","volume":"52","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.03.114","article-title":"Effects of oxidation degree on photo-transformation and the resulting toxicity of graphene oxide in aqueous environment","volume":"249","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125640","article-title":"Addressing challenges in providing a reliable ecotoxicology data for graphene-oxide (GO) using an algae (Raphidocelis subcapitata), and the trophic transfer consequence of GO-algae aggregates","volume":"245","author":"Markovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2022.101379","article-title":"Environmental and health effects of graphene-family nanomaterials: Potential release pathways, transformation, environmental fate and health risks","volume":"42","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EN01264E","article-title":"Emerging investigator series: A multispecies analysis of the relationship between oxygen content and toxicity in graphene oxide","volume":"8","author":"Barrios","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.1039\/C7GC00159B","article-title":"Informing rational design of graphene oxide through surface chemistry manipulations: Properties governing electrochemical and biological activities","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"8775","article-title":"Realizing comparable oxidative and phytotoxic potential of single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes through annealing","volume":"47","author":"Pasquini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5938","DOI":"10.1021\/es500468y","article-title":"Toward tailored functional design of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs): Electrochemical and antimicrobial activity enhancement via oxidation and selective reduction","volume":"48","author":"Gilbertson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-021-04734-z","article-title":"Effect of characterization probes on the properties of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide","volume":"127","author":"Sinha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2012.09.060","article-title":"Effect of high-temperature thermal treatment on the structure and adsorption properties of reduced graphene oxide","volume":"52","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2015.12.004","article-title":"The effect of reduction degree of GO nanosheets on microstructure and performance of PVDF\/GO hybrid membranes","volume":"501","author":"Meng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-020-09719-3","article-title":"Comparison of thermally and chemically reduced graphene oxides by thermal analysis and Raman spectroscopy","volume":"142","author":"Farah","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01539a017","article-title":"Preparation of Graphitic Oxide","volume":"80","author":"Hummers","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fekete-Kert\u00e9sz, I., L\u00e1szl\u00f3, K., Bul\u00e1tk\u00f3, A., Gyarmati, B., Moln\u00e1r, Z., and Moln\u00e1r, M. (2025). Assessing the Chronic Environmental Risk of Graphene Oxide Using a Multimarker Approach Across Three Trophic Levels of the Aquatic Ecosystem. Nanomaterials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15201553"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"OECD (2004). Test No. 202: Daphnia sp.: Acute Immobilisation Test. OECD Guideline for Testing Chemicals, OECD Publisher."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1613","article-title":"A simple bioassay using fluorescent microbeads and Daphnia magna","volume":"5","author":"Kamaya","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"158","article-title":"Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase","volume":"70","author":"Paglia","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)42083-8","article-title":"Glutathione S-transferases. The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation","volume":"249","author":"Habig","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19990","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-5201-4","article-title":"Response of biochemical biomarkers in the aquatic crustacean Daphnia magna exposed to silver nanoparticles","volume":"22","author":"Ulm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, H.H., De Silva, K.K.H., Kumara, G.R.A., and Yoshimura, M. (2018). Structural evolution of hydrothermally derived reduced graphene oxide. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25194-1"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2010.512986","article-title":"Weight of evidence approach for the relative hazard ranking of nanomaterials","volume":"5","author":"Zuin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2023.114136","article-title":"Characterisation of the surface chemistry of carbon materials by temperature-programmed desorption: An assessment","volume":"418","author":"Rocha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6223(99)00256-0","article-title":"Regularities in the temperature-programmed desorption spectra of CO2 and CO from activated carbons","volume":"38","author":"Haydar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16869","DOI":"10.1021\/jp804413a","article-title":"Thermal stability and reducibility of oxygen-containing functional groups on multiwalled carbon nanotube surfaces: A quantitative high-resolution XPS and TPD\/TPR study","volume":"112","author":"Kundu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.12.034","article-title":"A mechanism study on toxicity of graphene oxide to Daphnia magna: Direct link between bioaccumulation and oxidative stress","volume":"234","author":"Lv","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"127","article-title":"The heart of Daphnia magna: Effects of four cardioactive drugs","volume":"136","author":"Reyes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"345","article-title":"Ecological impact of micropollutants on aquatic life determined by an innovative sublethal endpoint Daphnia magna heartbeat rate","volume":"11","author":"Molnar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carpathian J. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"481","article-title":"Effects of neonicotinoid insecticide acetamiprid on swimming velocity, heart rate and thoracic limb movement of Daphnia magna","volume":"32","author":"Bownik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pol. J. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143038","article-title":"Daphnia magna model in the toxicity assessment of pharmaceuticals: A review","volume":"763","author":"Tkaczyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2023.106676","article-title":"Using DeepLabCut for markerless cardiac physiology and toxicity estimation in water fleas (Daphnia magna)","volume":"263","author":"Saputra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1375","article-title":"The evaluation of titanium dioxide nanoparticle effects on cardiac and swimming performance of Daphnia magna","volume":"11","author":"Chung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y., Samadi, A., Gwag, E.H., Park, J., Kwak, M., Park, J., Lee, T.G., and Kim, Y.J. (2021). Physiological and behavioral effects of SiO2 nanoparticle ingestion on Daphnia magna. Micromachines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12091105"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J., Park, C., Lee, Y., Ryu, C., Park, J., and Kim, Y. (2022). Acute adverse effects of metallic nanomaterials on cardiac and behavioral changes in Daphnia magna. Environments, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/environments9020026"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4465","DOI":"10.1021\/es062146p","article-title":"Behavioral and physiological changes in Daphnia magna when exposed to nanoparticle suspensions (titanium dioxide, nano-C60, and C60HxC70Hx)","volume":"41","author":"Lovern","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146405","article-title":"Real-time heart rate monitoring system for cardiotoxicity assessment of Daphnia magna using high-speed digital holographic microscopy","volume":"780","author":"Kwon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.56557\/jogee\/2023\/v19i48616","article-title":"Investigating the acute cardiac restoration for rescuing Daphnia magna stressed from environmental disturbances using antioxidants","volume":"19","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Glob. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12524","DOI":"10.1021\/es403230u","article-title":"Biological uptake and depuration of radio-labeled graphene by Daphnia magna","volume":"47","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10421","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b02596","article-title":"Bioaccumulation, depuration, and transfer to offspring of 13C-labeled fullerenols by Daphnia magna","volume":"50","author":"Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5901","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S37397","article-title":"Oxidative stress-mediated antibacterial activity of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"7","author":"Gurunathan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6971","DOI":"10.1021\/nn202451x","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of graphite, graphite oxide, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide: Membrane and oxidative stress","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2427.1991.tb00498.x","article-title":"Suspended clay reduces Daphnia feeding rate: Behavioural mechanisms","volume":"25","author":"Kirk","year":"1991","journal-title":"Freshw. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2020.105420","article-title":"Polystyrene nanoplastic induces ROS production and affects the MAPK-HIF-1\/NFkB-mediated antioxidant system in Daphnia pulex","volume":"220","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12886","DOI":"10.1021\/es5044722","article-title":"Feeding activity and xenobiotics modulate oxidative status in Daphnia magna: Implications for ecotoxicological testing","volume":"48","author":"Furuhagen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ukhueduan, B., Schumpert, C., Kim, E., Dudycha, J.L., and Patel, R.C. (2022). Relationship between oxidative stress and lifespan in Daphnia pulex. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06279-4"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110573","article-title":"Effects of azithromycin on feeding behavior and nutrition accumulation of Daphnia magna under the different exposure pathways","volume":"197","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asensio Ruiz, M.A., Fuster, M.G., Mart\u00ednez Mart\u00ednez, T., Montalb\u00e1n, M.G., Cenis, J.L., V\u00edllora, G., and Lozano-P\u00e9rez, A.A. (2022). The Effect of Sterilization on the Characteristics of Silk Fibroin Nanoparticles. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14030498"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200901006","article-title":"Sterilization matters: Consequences of different sterilization techniques on gold nanoparticles","volume":"6","author":"Pelaz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Small"}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/15\/23\/1800\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T09:17:57Z","timestamp":1764667077000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/15\/23\/1800"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nano15231800"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano15231800","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]}}}