{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:00:24Z","timestamp":1791223224754,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["5524051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5524051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Malaysia","award":["03-01-05-SF0384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03-01-05-SF0384"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this research is to examine how the electro-optical behavior of platinum (Pt) nanoparticles prepared via the gamma radiolysis process is related to both the radiation dose and to the Pt precursor concentration. The Pt precursor used in these experiments has been radiolytically degraded using a 60Co gamma source at dosages ranging from 80 kGy to 120 kGy. As well, varying the concentration of the Pt precursor from 5.0 \u00d7 10\u22124 M to 20.0 \u00d7 10\u22124 M was carried out as a systematic investigation. Spectrophotometric analysis utilizing UV\u2013Visible spectroscopy and TEM provided the optical data and particle size information for the nanoparticles. The results indicate that increasing the radiation dosage results in smaller Pt nanoparticle sizes due to an increased rate of nucleation and that increasing the Pt precursor concentration leads to larger Pt nanoparticles due to an increase in ion recombination. Both the dose and concentration dependency of the optical absorption spectrum indicate a significant relationship between size and plasmon behavior. Also, the conduction band energy level, which was determined from the maximum of the UV\u2013Visible absorption peak, is dependent on the particle size and shows a pronounced quantum confinement effect, with the conduction band energy increasing as the particle size decreases. Thus, these studies provide a definitive correlation of structure\u2013property in Pt nanoparticles and confirm the capability of the gamma radiolytic synthesis process to be used for controlling the specific electronic and optical properties of Pt nanoparticles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16010063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T12:23:44Z","timestamp":1767356624000},"page":"63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Electronic and Optical Behaviors of Platinum (Pt) Nanoparticles and Correlations with Gamma Radiation Dose and Precursor Concentration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Elham","family":"Gharibshahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Putra Malaysia (UPM), UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elias","family":"Saion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Putra Malaysia (UPM), UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmadreza","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Putra Malaysia (UPM), UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Gharibshahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Putra Malaysia (UPM), UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sina","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine (UIWSOM), 7615 Kennedy Hill Dr., San Antonio, TX 78235, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3767","DOI":"10.1021\/cr9003902","article-title":"Platinum-based nanostructured materials: Synthesis, properties, and applications","volume":"110","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gutierrez de la Rosa, S.Y., Muniz Diaz, R., Villalobos Gutierrez, P.T., Patakfalvi, R., and Gutierrez Coronado, O. (2022). Functionalized platinum nanoparticles with biomedical applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169404"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Istratescu, G.M., and Hayes, R.E. (2023). Ageing studies of Pt-and Pd-based catalysts for the combustion of lean methane mixtures. Processes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11051373"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4469","DOI":"10.1021\/cr3000785","article-title":"Catalysis by supported gold nanoparticles: Beyond aerobic oxidative processes","volume":"112","author":"Stratakis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"356","article-title":"Formation of platinum nanoparticle colloidal solution by gamma-ray irradiation","volume":"54","author":"Ishida","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X., Salado-Leza, D., Porcel, E., Gonz\u00e1lez-Vargas, C.R., Savina, F., Dragoe, D., Remita, H., and Lacombe, S. (2020). A facile one-pot synthesis of versatile PEGylated platinum nanoflowers and their application in radiation therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051619"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fahmy, S.A., Preis, E., Bakowsky, U., and Azzazy, H.M.E.-S. (2020). Platinum nanoparticles: Green synthesis and biomedical applications. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25214981"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/s43246-023-00411-1","article-title":"Design and evaluation of multi-core raspberry-like platinum nanoparticles for enhanced photothermal treatment","volume":"4","author":"Fromain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeyaraj, M., Gurunathan, S., Qasim, M., Kang, M.-H., and Kim, J.-H. (2019). A comprehensive review on the synthesis, characterization, and biomedical application of platinum nanoparticles. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9121719"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.03.077","article-title":"Platinum nanoparticles for the photothermal treatment of Neuro 2A cancer cells","volume":"34","author":"Manikandan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-01080-3","article-title":"Recent advances in selective photothermal therapy of tumor","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-5408(01)00499-8","article-title":"Radiolytic preparation and catalytic properties of platinum nanoparticles","volume":"36","author":"Belapurkar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1557\/adv.2018.233","article-title":"Synthesis of platinum nanoparticles by gamma radiolysis","volume":"3","author":"Cele","year":"2018","journal-title":"MRS Adv."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9624374","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9624374","article-title":"Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles by Gamma Co-60 Ray Irradiation Method Using Chitosan as Stabilizer","volume":"2019","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2017.09.012","article-title":"Size-controlled and optical properties of platinum nanoparticles by gamma radiolytic synthesis","volume":"130","author":"Gharibshahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2019.02.015","article-title":"Theory and experiment of optical absorption of platinum nanoparticles synthesized by gamma radiation","volume":"147","author":"Gharibshahi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14723","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms131114723","article-title":"Influence of dose on particle size and optical properties of colloidal platinum nanoparticles","volume":"13","author":"Gharibshahi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2023.140822","article-title":"Gamma irradiation synthesis and modification of palladium supported on graphene oxide as oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalyst","volume":"830","author":"Choo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2016.02.019","article-title":"One-step synthesis of graphene-Pt nanocomposites by gamma-ray irradiation","volume":"123","author":"Tokai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26924","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-12655-7","article-title":"Investigation of the interactions and electromagnetic shielding properties of graphene oxide\/platinum nanoparticle composites prepared under low-dose gamma irradiation","volume":"15","author":"Mead","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akay, G. (2025). Green Ammonia, Nitric Acid, Advanced Fertilizer and Electricity Production with In Situ CO2 Capture and Utilization by Integrated Intensified Nonthermal Plasma Catalytic Processes: A Technology Transfer Review for Distributed Biorefineries. Catalysts, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal15020105"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Kreibig, U., and Vollmer, M. (2013). Optical Properties of Metal Clusters, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/andp.19083300302","article-title":"Contributions to the optics of the turbid media, particularly of metal and colloid particles","volume":"25","author":"Mie","year":"1908","journal-title":"Ann. Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"350","article-title":"Platinum nanoparticles for nanocomposite membranes preparation","volume":"13","author":"Bragau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rom. J. Inf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2022.100591","article-title":"Novel photothermal therapy using platinum nanoparticles in synergy with near-infrared radiation (NIR) against human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line","volume":"4","author":"Abed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Results Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jscs.2021.101297","article-title":"A detailed review on biosynthesis of platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs), their potential antimicrobial and biomedical applications","volume":"25","author":"Jan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Saudi Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abed, A., Derakhshan, M., Karimi, M., Shirazinia, M., Mahjoubin-Tehran, M., Homayonfal, M., Hamblin, M.R., Mirzaei, S.A., Soleimanpour, H., and Dehghani, S. (2022). Platinum nanoparticles in biomedicine: Preparation, anti-cancer activity, and drug delivery vehicles. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.797804"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2019.101594","article-title":"Size effect of platinum nanoparticles in simulated anticancer photothermal therapy","volume":"29","author":"Depciuch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116148","article-title":"Biomedical, clinical and environmental applications of platinum-based nanohybrids: An updated review","volume":"231","author":"Yerpude","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gharibshahi, L., Saion, E., Gharibshahi, E., Shaari, A.H., and Matori, K.A. (2017). Structural and optical properties of Ag nanoparticles synthesized by thermal treatment method. Materials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10040402"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gharibshahi, L., Saion, E., Gharibshahi, E., Shaari, A.H., and Matori, K.A. (2017). Influence of Poly (vinylpyrrolidone) concentration on properties of silver nanoparticles manufactured by modified thermal treatment method. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186094"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7880","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14047880","article-title":"Size-controlled and optical properties of monodispersed silver nanoparticles synthesized by the radiolytic reduction method","volume":"14","author":"Saion","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/16\/1\/63\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T05:11:33Z","timestamp":1767417093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/16\/1\/63"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nano16010063"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano16010063","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]}}}